Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net
1027-5606
1607-7938
10
5
2006
10.5194/hess-10-715-2006
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/10/715/2006/
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/10/715/2006/hess-10-715-2006.html
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/10/715/2006/hess-10-715-2006.pdf
715
729
2006-10-05
Centrifuge modeling of one-step outflow tests for unsaturated parameter estimations
H. Nakajima
nakajima.hideo@aist.go.jp
A. T. Stadler
Geoscience Research, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA
now at: Center for Deep Geological Environments, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
now at: URS Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Centrifuge modeling of one-step outflow tests were carried out using a
2-m radius geotechnical centrifuge, and the cumulative outflow and
transient pore water pressure were measured during the tests at multiple gravity
levels. Based on the scaling laws of centrifuge modeling, the measurements
generally showed reasonable agreement with prototype data calculated from
forward simulations with input parameters determined from standard laboratory
tests. The parameter optimizations were examined for three different
combinations of input data sets using the test measurements. Within the
gravity level examined in this study up to 40<i>g</i>, the optimized unsaturated
parameters compared well when accurate pore water pressure measurements were
included along with cumulative outflow as input data. With its capability to
implement variety of instrumentations under well controlled initial and
boundary conditions and to shorten testing time, the centrifuge modeling
technique is attractive as an alternative experimental method that provides
more freedom to set inverse problem conditions for the parameter estimation.
Alemi, M. H., Nielsen, D. R., and Biggar, J. W.: Determining the hydraulic conductivity of soil cores by centrifugation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40, 212–218, 1976.
Arulanandan, K., Thompson, P. Y., Kutter, B. L., Meegoda, N. J., Muraleetharan, K. K., and Yogachandran, C.: Centrifuge Modeling of Transport Processes for Pollutants in Soils, J. Geotech. Eng.-Ascel, 114(2), 185–205, 1988.
Burkhart, S., Davies, M. C. R., Depountis, N., Harris, C., and Williams, K. P.: scaling laws for infiltration and drainage tests using a geotechnical centrifuge, Proceeding of the International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, 191–198, 2000.
Cooke, B.: Determination of soil hydraulic properties, International Conference Centrifuge 94, 411–416, 1994.
Cooke, A. B. and Mitchell, R. J.: Physical modelling of a dissolved contaminant in an unsaturated sand, Can. Geotech. J., 28, 829–833, 1991.
Crançon, C. G., Pili, E., Dutheil, S., and Gaudet, J. P.: Modelling of capillary rise and water retention in centrifuge tests using time domain reflectometry, Proceeding of the International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, 199–206, 2000.
Culligan, P. J. and Barry, D. A.: Similitude requirements for modelling NAPL movement with a geotechnical centrifuge, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, 131(3), 180–186, 1998.
Eching, S. O. and Hopmans, J. W.: Optimization of Hydraulic Functions from Transient Outflow and Soil-Water Pressure Data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57(5), 1167–1175, 1993.
Eching, S. O., Hopmans, J. W., and Wendroth, O.: Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity from Transient Multistep Outflow and Soil-Water Pressure Data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58(3), 687–695, 1994.
Garnier, J.: Physical models in geotechnics: state of the art and recent advances, First Coulomb lecture (Caquot Conference, 3rd October, Paris), 1–51, 2001.
Goforth, G. F., Townsend, F. C., and Bloomquist, D.: Saturated and unsaturated fluid flow in a centrifuge, Centrifuge 91. Proceedings of the International Conference on Centrifuge Modelling, 497–502, 1991.
Hagoort, J.: Oil-Recovery by Gravity Drainage, Soc. Petroleum Eng. J., 20(3), 139–150, 1980.
Hassler, G. L. and Brunner, E.: Measurement of capillary pressures in small core samples, Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 160, 114–123, 1945.
Hensley, P. J. and Schofield, A. N.: Accelerated Physical Modeling of Hazardous-Waste Transport, Geotechnique, 41(3), 447–465, 1991.
Hollenbeck, K. J. and Jensen, K. H.: Maximum-likelihood estimation of unsaturated hydraulic parameters, J. Hydrol., 210, 192–205, 1998.
Hopmans, J. W., Vogel, T., and Koblik, P. D.: X-ray tomography of soil water distribution in one-step outflow experiments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 355–362, 1992.
Hopmans, J. W., Simunek, J., Romano, N., and Durner, W.: Simultaneous determination of water transmission and retention properties. Inverse Methods, in: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods, edited by: Dane, J. H. and Topp, G. C., Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 5, 963–1008, 2002.
Khalifa, A., Garnier, J., Thomas, P., and Rault, G.: scaling laws of water flow in centrifuge models, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, 56, 207–216, 2000.
Khanzode, R. M., Vanapalli, S. K., and Fredlund, D. G.: Measurement of soil-water characteristic curves for fine-grained soils using a small-scale centrifuge, Can. Geotech. J., 39, 1209–1217, 2000.
Knight, M. A., Cooke, A. B., and Mitchell, R. J.: Scaling of the movement and fate of contaminant releases in vadose zone by centrifuge testing, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, 233–242, 2000.
Kool, J. B., Parker, J. C., and van Genuchten, M. T.: Determining Soil Hydraulic-Properties from One-Step Outflow Experiments by Parameter-Estimation .1. Theory and Numerical-Studies Centrifuge tests on moisture and permeability in sand, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49(6), 1348–1354, 1985.
Mualem, Y.: A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res. 12, 513–522, 1976.
Nakajima, H., Hirooka, A., Takemura, J., and Marino, M. A.: Centrifuge modeling of one-dimensional subsurface contamination, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 34(6) 1415–1425, 1998.
Nakajima, H., Kutter, B. L., Ginn, T. R., Chang, D. P., and Marino, M. A.: An experimental study of LNAPL lens formation using a centrifuge, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 4, 2425–2428, 2005.
Nimmo, J. R., Rubin, J., and Hammermeister, D. P.: Unsaturated Flow in a Centrifugal Field – Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity and Testing of Darcy Law, Water Resour. Res., 23(1), 124–134, 1987.
Oung, O., Hassanizadeh, S. M., and Bezuijen, A.: Two-phase flow experiments in a geocentrifuge and the significance of dynamic capillary pressure effect, J. Porous Media, 8(3), 247–257, 2005.
Parker, J. C., Kool, J. B., and van Genuchten, M. T.: Determining Soil Hydraulic-Properties from One-Step Outflow Experiments by Parameter-Estimation .2. Experimental Studies, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49(6), 1354–1359, 1985.
Rezzoug, A., König, D., and Triantafyllidis, T.: scaling laws for centrifuge modeling of capillary rise in sandy soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(6), 615–620, 2004.
Romano, N. and Santini, A.: Determining soil hydraulic functions from evaporation experiments by a parameter estimation approach: Experimental verifications and numerical studies, Water Resour. Res., 35(11), 3343–3359, 1999.
Russell, M. B. and Richards, L. A.: The determination of soil moisture energy relations by centrifugation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings, 3, 65–69, 1938.
Schaap, M. G. and Leij, F. J.: Improved prediction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with the Mualem-van Genuchten model, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 843–851, 2000.
Simunek, J., Sejna, M., and van Genuchten, M. T.: The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulation of the one-dimensional movement of water, heat and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, Version 2.0, International Ground Water Modelling Center, IGWMC-TPS-70, 1998.
Simunek, J. and Nimmo, J. R.: Estimating soil hydraulic parameters from transient flow experiments in a centrifuge using parameter optimization technique, Water Resour. Res., 41(4), W04015, doi:10.1029/2004WR003379, 2005.
Smiles, D., Vachaud, G., and Vauclin, M.: A test of the uniqueness of the soil moisture characteristic during transient nonhysteretic flow of water in a rigid soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings, 35, 534–539, 1971.
Smith, R. W., Payne, S. M., and Miller, D. L.: INEEL environmental geocentrifuge facility developments International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics – ICPMG 02, 55–58, 2002.
Take, W. A. and Bolton, M. D.: A new device for the measurement of negative pore water pressures in centrifuge models, International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics – ICPMG 02, 89–94, 2002.
Taylor, R. N.: Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1995.
Thorel, L., Noblet, S., Garnier, J., and Bisson, A.: Capillary rise and drainage flow through a centrifuged porous medium, Proceeding of the International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, 251–258, 2000.
Toorman, A. F., Wierenga, P. J., and Hills, R. G.: Parameter estimation of hydraulic properties from one-step outflow data, Water Resour. Res., 28(11), 3021–3028, 1992.
Topp, G. C., Klute, A., and Peters, D. B.: Comparison of water content-pressure head data obtained by equilibrium, steady-state and unsteady state methods, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings, 31, 312–314, 1967.
Vachaud, G., Vauclin, M., and Wakil, M.: A study of the uniqueness of the soil moisture characteristic during desorption by vertical drainage, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings, 36, 531–532, 1972.
van Dam, J. C., Stricker, J. N. M., and Droogers, P.: Inverse Method for determining soil hydraulic functions from one-step outflow experiments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 1042–1050, 1992.
van Dam, J. C., Stricker, J. N. M., and Droogers, P.: Inverse method to determine soil hydraulic functions from multistep outflow experiments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58(3), 647–652, 1994.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.
Wildenschild, D., Hopmans, J. W., and Simunek, J.: Flow rate dependence of soil hydraulic characteristics, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65(1), 35–48, 2001.