<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/hess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1027-5606</issn>
		<eissn>1607-7938</eissn>
		<volume_number>11</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/hess-11-1035-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1035/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1035/2007/hess-11-1035-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1035/2007/hess-11-1035-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1035</start_page>
	<end_page>1045</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-03-29</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Hydrologic effects of land and water management in North America and Asia: 1700&amp;ndash;1992</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>I. Haddeland</name>
			<email>ingjerd@geo.uio.no</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>T. Skaugen</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="3">
			<name>D. P. Lettenmaier</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The hydrologic effects of land use changes, dams, and irrigation in North
America and Asia over the past 300 years are studied using a macroscale
hydrologic model. The simulation results indicate that the expansion of
croplands over the last three centuries has resulted in 2.5 and 6 percent
increases in annual runoff volumes for North America and Asia, respectively,
and that these increases in runoff to some extent have been compensated by
increased evapotranspiration caused by irrigation practices. Averaged over
the year and the continental scale, the accumulated anthropogenic impacts on
surface water fluxes are hence relatively minor. However, for some regions
within the continents human activities have altered hydrologic regimes
profoundly. Reservoir operations and irrigation practices in the western
part of USA and Mexico have resulted in a 25 percent decrease in runoff in
June, and a 9 percent decrease in annual runoff volumes reaching the Pacific
Ocean. In the area in South East Asia draining to the Pacific Ocean, land
use changes have caused an increase in runoff volumes throughout the year,
and the average annual increase in runoff is 12 percent.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Bowling, L. C., Lettenmaier D. P., Nijssen, B., Graham, L. P. et al.: Simulation of high latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix basin: PILPS Phase 2(e) 1: Experiment description and summary intercomparisons, Global Planet. Change, 38(1&amp;ndash;2), 1&amp;ndash;30, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Christensen, N. S., Wood, A. W., Voisin, N., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Palmer, R. N.: Effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River basin, Climatic Change, 62(1&amp;ndash;3), 337&amp;ndash;363, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Costa, M. H., Botta, A., and Cardille, J. A.: Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia, J. Hydrol., 283, 206&amp;ndash;217, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Döll, P., and Siebert, S.: Global modeling of irrigation water requirements, Water Resour. Res. 38(4), 1037, doi:10.1029/2001WR000355, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Falkenmark, M. and Lannerstad, M.: Consumptive water use to feed humanity &amp;ndash; curing a blind spot, Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sci., 9, 15&amp;ndash;28, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> FAO: Irrigation in the Near East region in figures, Water Reports 9, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> FAO: Digital soil map of the world and derived soil properties. Land and Water Digital Media Series 1, CD-ROM, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Gibbard, S., Caldeira, K., Bala, G., Phillips, T. J., and Wickett, M.: Climate effects of global land cover changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23705, doi:10.1029/2005GL024550, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Goldewijk, K. K.: Estimating global land use changes over the past 300 years: The HYDE Database, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(2), 417&amp;ndash;433, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Gordon, L. J., Steffen, W., Jönsson, B. F., Folke C., Falkenmark, M., and Johannessen, &amp;Aring;.: Human modification of global water vapor flows from the land surface, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 7612&amp;ndash;7617, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Haddeland, I., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Skaugen, T.: Effects of irrigation on the water and energy balances of the Colorado and Mekong river basins, J. Hydrol., 324(1&amp;ndash;4), 210&amp;ndash;223, 2006a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Haddeland, I., Skaugen, T., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Anthropogenic impacts on continental surface water fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08406, doi:10.1029/2006GL026047, 2006b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: A reservoir operation scheme for global river routing models, J. Hydrol., 327(1&amp;ndash;2), 22&amp;ndash;41, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Hansen, M. C., DeFries, R. S., Townshend, J. R. G., and Sohlberg, R.: Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21(6&amp;ndash;7), 1331&amp;ndash;1364, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams): World Register of Dams 2003, Paris, France, 340 pp, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., and Reynolds, B.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 77(3), 437&amp;ndash;472, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Liang, X., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F., and Burges, S. J.: A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14 415&amp;ndash;14 428, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Lobell, D. B., Bala, G., and Duffy, P. B.: Biogeophysical impacts of cropland management changes on climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06708, doi:10.1029/2005GL025492, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Lohmann, D., Raschke, E., Nijssen, B., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Regional scale hydrology: I. Formulation of the VIC-2L model coupled to a routing model, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 43(1), 131&amp;ndash;141, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Matheussen, B., Kirschbaum R. L., Goodman I.A., O&apos;Donnell G. M., and Lettenmaier D. P.: Effects of land cover change on streamflow in the interior Columbia River Basin (USA and Canada), Hydrol. Process., 14(5), 867&amp;ndash;885, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Maurer, E. P., Wood, A. W., Adam, J.C., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Nijssen, B.: A long-term hydrologically-based data set of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States, J. Climate, 15, 3237&amp;ndash;3251, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Miller, D. A. and White, R. A.: A conterminous United States multilayer soil characteristics dataset for regional climate and hydrology modeling. Earth Interactions, 2, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Myneni, R. B., Nemani, R. R., and Running, S. W.: Estimation of global leaf area index and absorbed PAR using radiative transfer models, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35(6), 1380&amp;ndash;1393, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Nijssen, B., Schnur, R., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface model, 1980&amp;ndash;1993, J. Clim., 14, 1790&amp;ndash;1808, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., and Revenga, C.: Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World&apos;s Large River Systems, Science, 308, 405&amp;ndash;408, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Postel, S. L., Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R.: Human appropriation of renewable freshwater. Science, 271, 785&amp;ndash;788, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Ramankutty, N. and Foley, J. A.: Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13(4), 997&amp;ndash;1027, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Sahin, V. and Hall, M. J.: The effects of afforestation and deforestation on water yields, J. Hydrol., 178, 293&amp;ndash;309, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Siebert, S., Döll, P., Feick, S., and Hoogeveen, J.: Global map of irrigated areas version 3.0 Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2005a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Siebert S., Döll, P., Hoogeveen, J., Faures J.-M., Frenken, K., and Feick, S.: Development and validation of the global map of irrigated areas, Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sci., 9, 535&amp;ndash;547, 2005b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Todini, E.: The ARNO rainfall-runoff model, J. Hydrol., 175(1&amp;ndash;4), 339&amp;ndash;382, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Twine, T. E., Kucharik, C. J., and Foley, J. A.: Effects of land cover change on the energy and water balane of the Mississippi river basin, J. Hydrometeorol., 5(4), 640&amp;ndash;655, 2004 </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., and Melillo, J. M.: Human Domination of Earth&apos;s Ecosystems, Science, 277, 494&amp;ndash;499, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Vörösmarty, C. J., Sharma, K., Fekete, B., Copeland, A. H., Holden, J., Marble, J., and Lough, J. A.: The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world,~Ambio, 26, 210&amp;ndash;219, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Vörösmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., and Syvitksi, J.:~ Anthropogenic sediment retention: Major global impact from registered river impoundments, Global Planet. Change, 39, 169&amp;ndash;190, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Vörösmarty, C. J. and Sahagian, D.: Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle, Bioscience, 50(9), 735&amp;ndash;765, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Vrugt, J. A., Gupta, H. V., Bouten, W., and Sorooshian, S.: A Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm for optimization and uncertainty assessment of hydrologic model parameters, Water Resour. Res., 39(8), 1201, doi:10.1029/2002WR001642, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Zhao, R. J., Zhang, Y. L., Fang, L. R., Liu, X. R., and Zhang, Q. S.: The Xinanjiang model, in: Hydrological Forecasting: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Recent Developments in Hydrological Forecasting to the Operation of Water Resource Systems, held at Oxford, IAHS no. 129, 351&amp;ndash;356, 1980. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

