Hydrology and Earth System Sciences www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net 1027-5606 1607-7938 11 4 2007 10.5194/hess-11-1469-2007 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1469/2007/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1469/2007/hess-11-1469-2007.html http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1469/2007/hess-11-1469-2007.pdf 1469 1480 2007-07-30 A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations M. C. Westhoff m.c.westhoff@tudelft.nl H. H. G. Savenije W. M. J . Luxemburg G. S. Stelling N. C. van de Giesen J. S. Selker L. Pfister S. Uhlenbrook Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Fluid Mechanics Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University,116 Gilmore Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Department of Water Engineering, UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands Distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for an energy based temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) system with a fiber optic cable of 1500 m was used to measure stream water temperature with 1 m resolution each 2 min. Four groundwater inflows were identified and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). The temperature model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature is compared with the observed temperature at all points along the stream. Knowledge of the lateral inflow appears to be crucial to simulate the temperature distribution and conversely, that stream temperature can be used successfully to identify sources of lateral inflow. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge. Becker, M W., Georgian, T., Ambrose, H., Siniscalchi, J., and Fredrick, K.: Estimating flow and flux of groundwater discharge using water temperature and velocity, J. Hydrol., 296, 221–233, 2004. Boderie, P. and Dardengo, L.: Warmtelozing in oppervlaktewater en uitwisseling met de atmosfeer, Report Q3315, WL$\vert$Delft Hydraulics, 2003. Boyd, M. and Kasper, B.: Analytical methods for dynamic open channel heat and mass transfer: methodology for the Heat Source Model Version 7.0, Watershed Sciences Inc., Portland, OR, USA, found at: http://www.heatsource.info/Heat_Source_v_7.0.pdf, 2003. Brown, G W.: Predicting temperature of small streams, Water Resour. Res., 5, 68–75, 1969. Constantz, J.: Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in alpine streams, Water Resour. Res., 34, 1609–1615, 1998. Constantz, J., Cox, M. H., Sarma, L., and Mendez, G.: The Santa Clara River – The last natural river of Los Angeles. In Heat as a Tool for Studying the Movement of Ground Water Near Streams, edited by: Stonestrom D. A. and Constantz J., USGS Circular 1260, 21–27, USGS., 2003. Dingman, S. L.: Physical Hydrology, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 2002. Evans, E C., McGregor, G R., and Petts, G E.: River energy budgets with special reference to river bed processes, Hydrol. Processes, 12, 575–595, 1998. Katsuyama, M., Ohte, N., and Kobashi, S.: A three-component end-member analysis of streamwater hydrochemistry in a small Japanese forested headwater catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 15, 249–260, 2001. Kendall, C., McDonnell, J J., and Gu, W.: A look inside "black box" hydrograph separation models: a study at the Hydrohill catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 15, 1877–1902, 2001. Kobayashi, D.: Separation of the snowmelt hydrograph by stream temperatures, J. Hydrol., 76, 155–165, 1985. Kobayashi, D., Ishii, Y., and Kodama, Y.: Stream temperature, specific conductance and runoff processes in mountain watersheds, Hydrol. Processes, 13, 865–876, 1999. Lapham, W W.: Use of temperature profiles beneath streams to determine rates of vertical ground-water flow and vertical hydraulic conductivity, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 2337. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1989. Monteith, J L.: Evaporation and surface temperature, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 1–27, 1981. Niswonger, R G., Prudic, D E., Pohll, G., and Constantz, J.: Incorporating seepage losses into the unsteady streamflow equations for simulating intermittent flow along mountain front streams, Water Resour. Res., 41, W06006, doi:10.1029/2004WR003677, 2005. Seibert, J. and McDonnell, J J.: On the dialog between experimentalist and modeler in catchment hydrology: use of soft data for multi-criteria model calibration, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1231–1241, 2002. Selker, J S., Thévenaz, L., Huwald, H., Mallet, A., Luxemburg, W., Van~de Giesen, N., Stejskal, M., Zeman, J., Westhoff, M., and Parlange, M B.: Distributed fiber optic temperature sensing for hydrologic systems, Water Resour. Res., 42, W12202, doi:10.1029/2006WR005326, 2006a. Selker, J S., Van~de Giesen, N., Westhoff, M C., Luxemburg, W., and Parlange, M.: Fiber optics opens window on stream dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24401, doi:10.1029/2006GL027979, 2006b. Shanley, J B. and Peters, N E.: Preliminary observations of streamflow generation during storms in a forested Piedmont watershed using temperature as a tracer, J. Contam. Hydrol., 3, 349–365, 1988. Shi, Y., Allis, R., and Davey, F.: Thermal modeling of the southern Alps, New Zealand, Pure appl, Geophys., 146, 469–501, doi:10.1007/BF00874730, 1996. Silliman, S E., Ramirez, J. and McCabe, R L.: Quantifying downflow through creek sediments using temperature time series: one-dimensional solution incorporating measured surface temperature, J. Hydrol., 167, 99–119, 1995. Sklash, M G. and Farvolden, R N.: The role of groundwater in storm runoff, J. Hydrol., 43, 45–65, 1979. Stallman, R W.: Steady one-dimensional fluid flow in a semi-infinite porous medium with sinusoidal surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2821–2827, 1965. Uhlenbrook, S. and Hoeg, S.: Quantifying uncertainties in tracer-based hydrograph separations: a case study for two-, three- and five-component hydrograph separations in a mountainous catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 17, 431–453, 2003. Uhlenbrook, S. and Leibundgut, C.: Process-oriented catchment modelling and multiple-response validation, Hydrol. Processes, 16, 423–440, 2002. Van~Leer, B.: Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second order scheme, J. Comput. Phys., 14, 361–370, 1974. Webb, B W. and Zhang, Y.: Spatial and seasonal variability in the components of the River heat budget, Hydrol. Processes, 11, 79–101, 1997. Wenninger, J., Uhlenbrook, S., Tilch, N., and Leibundgut, C.: Experimental evidence of fast groundwater responses in a hillslope/floodplain area in the Black Forest Mountains, Germany, Hydrol. Processes, 18, 3305–3322, 2004. Williams, B.: Hydrobiological modeling, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia: http://www.lulu.com, 2006.