Hydrology and Earth System Sciences www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net 1027-5606 1607-7938 11 5 2007 10.5194/hess-11-1529-2007 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1529/2007/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1529/2007/hess-11-1529-2007.html http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1529/2007/hess-11-1529-2007.pdf 1529 1542 2007-09-04 Analysis of effective resistance calculation methods and their effect on modelling evapotranspiration in two different patches of vegetation in semi-arid SE Spain A. Were ana@eeza.csic.es L. Villagarcía F. Domingo L. Alados-Arboledas J. Puigdefábregas Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 04001, Almería, Spain Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucía, 18071, Granada, Spain Effective parameters are of major importance in modelling surface fluxes at different scales of spatial heterogeneity. Different ways to obtain these effective parameters for their use in meso-scale and GCM models have been studied. This paper deals with patch-scale heterogeneity, where effective resistances were calculated in two patches with different vegetation (Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss shrubs, and herbaceous plants) using different methods: aggregating soil and plant resistances in parallel, in series or by an average of both. Effective aerodynamic resistance was also calculated directly from patch fluxes. To assess the validity of the different methods used, the Penman-Monteith equation was used with effective resistances to estimate the total λE for each patch. The λE estimates found for each patch were compared to Eddy Covariance system measurements. Results showed that for effective surface resistances, parallel aggregation of soil and plant resistances led to λE estimates closer to the measured λE in both patches (differences of around 10%). Results for effective aerodynamic resistances differed depending on the patch considered and the method used to calculate them. The use of effective aerodynamic resistances calculated from fluxes provided less accurate estimates of λE compared to the measured values, than the use of effective aerodynamic resistances aggregated from soil and plant resistances. The results reported in this paper show that the best way of aggregating soil and plant resistances depends on the type of resistance, and the type of vegetation in the patch. Alados-Arboledas, L., Olmo, F. J., Puigdefábregas, J., Domingo, F., and Villagarcía, L.: Using Infrared Remote Sensing for the Estimation of Sensible Heat Flux over Sparse Vegetation in Southeastern Spain, 1–2, Lagos, 2nd Asamblea Hispano Portuguesa de Geodesia y Geofísica, 2000. Arain, M. A., Shuttleworth, W. J., Yang, Z.- L., Michaud, J., and Dolman, J.: Mapping surface-cover parameters using aggregation rules and remotely sensed cover classes, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2325–2348, 1997. Baldocchi, D. D., Luxmoore, J., and Hatfield, J. L.: Discerning the forest from the trees: an essay on scaling canopy stomatal conductance, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 197–226, 1991. Baldocchi, D. D., Falge, E., Gu, L., et al.: FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy flux densities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415–2434, 2001. Blyth, E. M., Dolman, A. J., and Wood, N.: Effective resistance to sensible- and latent-heat flux in heterogeneous terrain, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 423–442, 1993. Blyth, E. M.: Using a simple SVAT scheme to describe the effect of scale on aggregation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 72, 267–285, 1995. Blyth, E. M.: Representing heterogeneity at the southern super site with average surface paramenters, J. Hydrol., 188–189, 869–877, 1997. Brenner, A. J. and Incoll, L. D.: The effect of clumpling and stomatal response on evaporation from sparsely vegetated shrublands, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 84, 187–205, 1997. Brutsaert, W.: Heat and mass transfer to and from surfaces with dense vegetation or similar permeable roughness., Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 16, 365–388, 1979. Cantón, Y., Solé-Benet, A., and Domingo, F.: Temporal and spatial patterns of soil moisture in semiarid badlands of SE Spain, J. Hydrol., 285, 199–214, 2004. Chehbouni, A., Lo Seen, D., Njoku, E. G., Lhomme, J. P., Monteny, B. A., and Kerr, Y. H.: Estimation of sensible heat flux over sparsely vegetated surfaces, J. Hydrol., 188–189, 855–868, 1997. Chehbouni, A., Watts, C., Kerr, Y. H., Dedieu, G., Rodriguez, J. C., Santiago, F., Cayrol, P., Boulet, G., and Goodrich, D. C.: Methods to aggregate turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces: application to SALSA data ser in Mexico, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 105, 133–144, 2000. Choudhoury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 373–398, 1988. Daamen, C. C., Simmonds, L. P., Wallace, J. S., Laryea, K. B., and Sivakumar, M. V. K.: Use of microlysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 65, 159–173, 1993. Dolman, A. J.: A note on areally-averaged evaporation and the value of the effective surface conductance, J. Hydrol., 138, 583–589, 1992. Dolman, A. J.: A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 65, 21–45, 1993. Dolman, A. J. and Blyth, E. M.: Patch scale aggregation of heterogeneous land surface cover for mesoscale meteorological models, J. Hydrol., 190, 252–268, 1997. Domingo, F., Van Gardingen, P. R., and Brenner, A. J.: Leaf boundary layer conductance of two native species in southeast Spain, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 81, 179–199, 1996. Domingo, F., Villagarcía, L., Brenner, A. J., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Evapotranspiration model for semi-arid shrub-lands tested against data from SE Spain, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 95, 67–84, 1999. Domingo, F., Villagarcía, L., Brenner, A. J., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Measuring and modelling the radiation balance of a heterogeneous shrubland, Plant Cell Environ., 23, 27–38, 2000. Domingo, F., Villagarcía, L. Boer, M. M., Alados-Arboledas, L., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Evaluating the long-term water balance of arid zone stream bed vegetation using evapotranspiration modelling and hillslope runoff measurements, J. Hydrol., 243, 17–30, 2001. Fiedler, F. and Panofsky, H.: The geostrophic drag coefficient and the effective roughness length, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 213–220, 1976. Fuchs, M.: Heat flux, in: Methods of Soil Analysis Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Vol. 2, edited by: Klute, A., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI., 957–968, 1986. Garrat, J. R.: Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughness, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 491–502, 1978. Goeckede, M., Rebmann, C., and Foken, T.: A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterisation of complex sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 127, 175–188, 2004. Gutiérrez, L.: Estructura y Productividad de la vegetación de estepa mediterránea semiárida en relación con la variabilidad climática: el sistema de ladera en Rambla Honda (Almería), PhD Thesis, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain, 2000. Haase, P., Pugnaire, F. I., Fernández, E. M. Puigdefábregas, J., Clark, S. C., and Incoll, L. D.: An investigation of rooting depth of the semi-arid shrub Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. by labelling of ground water with a chemical tracer, J. Hydrol., 177, 23–31, 1996. Jones, H. G.: Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology, Cambridge University Press, London, 1992. Kowalski, A. S., Anthoni, P. M., Vong, R. J., Delany, A. C., and Maclean, G. D.: Deployment and Evaluation of a System for Ground-Based Measurement of Cloud Liquid Water Turbulent Fluxes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14(3), 468–479, 1997. Kustas, W. P., Choudhury, B. J., Moran, M. S., Reginato, R. J., Jackson, R. D., Gay, L. W., and Weaver, H. L.: Determination of sensible heat flux over sparse canopy using thermal infrared data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 44, 197–216, 1989. Mahrt, L.: Surface Heterogeneity and Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 33–62, 2000. Mason, J. P.: The formation of areally-averaged roughness lengths, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 399–420, 1988. Massman, W. J.: A surface energy balance method for partitioning evapotranspiration data into plant and soil components for a surface with partial canopy cover, Water Resour. Res., 28, 1723–1732, 1992. McInnes, K. J., Heilman, J. L., and Lascano, R. J.: Aerodynamic conductances at the soil surface in a vineyard, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 79, 29–37, 1996. McInnes, K. J., Heilman, J. L., and Savage, M. J.: Aerodynamic conductances along a bare ridge-furrow tilled soil surface, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 68. 119–131, 1994. McNaughton, K. G.: Effective stomatal and boundary-layer resistance of heterogeneous surfaces, Plant Cell Environ., 17, 1061–1068, 1994. Mölder, M. and Lindroth, A.: Dependence of kB−1 factor on roughness Reynolds number for barley and pasture, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 106, 147–152, 2001. Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and Environment, Sym. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 205–234, 1965. Noilhan, J., Lacarrère, P., Dolman, A. J., and Blyth, E. M.: Defining area-average parameters in meteorological models for land surfaces with meso-scale heterogeneity, J. Hydrol., 190, 302–316, 1997. Owen, P. R. and Thomson, W. R.: Heat transfer across rough surfaces, J. Fluid Mech., 15, 321–334, 1963. Puigdefábregas, J., Alonso, J. M., Delgado, L., Domingo, F., Cueto, M., Gutiérrez, L., Lázaro, R., Nicolau, J. M., Sánchez, G., Solé, A., and Vidal, S.: The Rambla Honda field site: interactions of soil and vegetation along a catena in semi-arid Spain, in: Mediterranean desertification and land use, edited by: Brandt, J. and Thornes, J. B., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chischester, UK, 137–168, 1996. Puigdefábregas, J. and Sánchez, G.: Geomorphological implications of vegetation patchiness on semi- arid slopes, Adv. Hillslope Processes, 2, 1027–1060, 1996. Puigdefábregas, J., Del Barrio, G., Boer, M. M., Gutiérrez, L., and Solé, A.: Differential responses of hillslope and channel elements to rainfall events in a semi-arid area, Geomorphology, 23, 337–351, 1998. Puigdefábregas, J., Solé, A., Gutiérrez, L., Del Barrio, G., and Boer, M. M.: Scales and processes of water and sediment redistribution in drylands: results from the Rambla Honda field site in Shoutheast Spain, Earth Sci. Rev., 48, 39–70, 1999. Qualls, R. J. and Brutsaert, W.: The effect of vegetation density on the parameterization of scalar roughness to estimate spatially distributed sensible heat fluxes, Water Resour. Res., 32(3), 645–652, 1995. Raupach, M. R.: Vegetation-atmosphere interaction and surface conductance at leaf, canopy, and regional scales, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 73, 151–179, 1995. Schmid, H. P.: Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 67, 293–318, 1994. Schmid, H. P.: Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of observations and fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 87, 179–200, 1997. Scott, R. L., Watts; C. J., Payan, J. G., Edward, E., Goodrich, D. C., Williams, D., and Shuttleworth, W. J.: The understory and overstory partitioning of energy and water fluxes in an open canopy, semiarid woodland, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 114, 127–139, 2003. Shuttleworth,W. J., Yang, Z.- L., and Arain, M. A.: Aggregation rules for surface parameters in global models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 217–226, 1997. Shuttleworth, W. J. and Gurney, R. J.: The theoretical relationships between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 497–519, 1990. Shuttleworth, W. J. and Wallace, J. S.: Evaporation from sparse crops, an energy combination theory, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 3, 839–855, 1985. Tanner, B. D., Swiatek, E., and Green, J. P.: Density fluctuations and use of the krypton hygrometer in surface flux measurements, in: Proc. Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, ASCE, edited by: Allen, R. G. and Neale, C. M. U., Park City, UT, 105–112, 1993. Van den Hurk, B. J. J. M. and McNaughton, K. G.: Implementation of near-field dispersion in a sample two-layer surface resistance model, J. Hydrol., 166, 293–311, 1995. Verhoef, A. and Allen, S. J.: The relative importance of surface and aeordynamic resistances in a multi-source energy-CO2 model, Phys. Chem. Earth, 23, 459–463, 1998. Verhoef, A. and Allen, S. J.: A SVAT scheme describing energy and CO2 fluxes for multi-component vegetation: calibration and test for a Sahelian savannah, Ecological Modelling, 127, 245–267, 2000. Verma, S. B.: Aerodynamic Resistances to Transfers of Heat, Mass and Momentum, IAHS Publ. Vancouver, 177, 13–20, 1989. Vidal, S.: A device for simultaneous measurement of soil moisture and electrical conductivity, Patent no. 9401681, 1994. Vidal, S., Domingo, F., Solé-Benet, A., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Desarrollo y calibración de un nuevo sensor de humedad de suelo, in: IV Simposio sobre el Agua en Andalucía, Almería, Spain, vol I, 101–109, 1996. Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects fue to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.., 106, 85–100, 1980. Wieringa, J.: Roughness dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 867–889, 1986.