<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/hess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1027-5606</issn>
		<eissn>1607-7938</eissn>
		<volume_number>12</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/hess-12-257-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/257/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/257/2008/hess-12-257-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/257/2008/hess-12-257-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>257</start_page>
	<end_page>265</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-02-18</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Temporal variability of subsurface stormflow formation</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. M. Kienzler</name>
			<email>kienzler@ifu.baug.ethz.ch</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. Naef</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Subsurface stormflow (SSF) can play a key role for the runoff generation at
hillslopes. Quantifications of SSF suffer from the limited ability to
predict how SSF is formed at a particular hillslope and how it varies in
time and space. This study concentrates on the temporal variability of SSF
formation. Controlled sprinkling experiments at three experimental slopes
were replicated with varying precipitation intensity and varying antecedent
precipitation. SSF characteristics were observed with hydrometric
measurements and tracer experiments. SSF response was affected in different
ways and to varying degree by changes of precipitation intensity and
antecedent precipitation. The study showed that the influence of antecedent
precipitation on SSF response depends on how SSF is formed at a particular
hillslope. As formation of SSF was hardly influenced by the increase of
precipitation intensity subsurface flow rates were not increased by higher
intensity. However, timing and relevance of subsurface flow response changed
substantially at different precipitation intensities, because saturation and
flow formation occurred above the soil-bedrock interface, but also within
the topsoil depending on precipitation intensity.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Anderson, S. P., Dietrich, W. A., Montgomery, D. R., Torres, R., Conrad, M. E., and Loague, K.: Subsurface flow paths in a steep, unchanneled catchment, Water Resour. Res., 33(12), 2637&amp;ndash;2653, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18(5), 1311&amp;ndash;1325, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Bouma, M., Belmans, C. F. M., and Dekker, L. W.: Water infiltration and redistribution in a silt loam subsoil with vertical worm channels, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 917&amp;ndash;921, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Bronstert, A. and Plate, E. J.: Modelling of runoff generation and soil moisture dynamics for hillslopes and micro-catchments, J. Hydrol., 198, 177&amp;ndash;195, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Brown, V. A., McDonnell, J. J., Burns, D. A., and Kendall, C.: The role of event water, a rapid shallow flow component, and catchment size in summer stormflow, J. Hydrol., 217, 171&amp;ndash;190, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Finnern, H., Grottenthaler, W., Kühn, D., Pälchen, W., Schraps, W. G., and Sponagel, H.: Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung, 4. Aufl., 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Jones, J. A. A., Richardson, J. M., and Jacob, H. J.: Factors controlling the distribution of piping in Britain: a reconnaissance, Geomorphology, 20, 289&amp;ndash;306, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Jones, J. A. A. and Connelly, L. J.: A semi-distributed simulation model for natural pipeflow, J. Hydrol., 262, 28&amp;ndash;49, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Kienzler, P. M. and Naef, F.: Subsurface storm flow formation at different hillslopes and implications for the &quot;old water paradox&quot;, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 1, 104&amp;ndash;116, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Kirkby, M. J.: Infiltration, Throughflow and Overland Flow, in: Water Earth and Man, edited by: Chorley, R. J., Taylor &amp; Francis, 215&amp;ndash;227, 1969. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Lynch, J. A., Corbett, E. S., and Sopper, W. E.: Effects of antecedent soil moisture on stormflow volumes and timing, in: Proc. 3rd Int.Symp. in Hydrology (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA), Water Resources Publications, Colorado, USA, 89&amp;ndash;99, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> McDonnell, J. J.: A rationale for old water discharge through macropores in a steep humid catchment, Water Resour. Res., 26, 2821&amp;ndash;2832, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R., and Hosoda, I.: Subsurface runoff characteristics from a forest hillslope soil profile including macropores, Hitachi Ohta, Japan, Hydrol. Processes, 15, 2131&amp;ndash;2149, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Peters, D. L., Buttle, J. M., Taylor, C. H. and LaZerte, J. M.: Runoff production in a forested, shallow soil, Canadian Shield basin, Water Resour. Res., 31, 1291&amp;ndash;1304, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Retter, M., Kienzler, P. M., and Germann, P.: Vectors of subsurface storm flow in a layered hillslope during runoff initiation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 309&amp;ndash;320, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Röthlisberger, G., Geiger, H., and Zeller, J.: Starkniederschläge im Schweizer Mittelland und Jura, Band 9., WSL, Birmensdorf, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Scherrer, S., Naef, F., Faeh, A. O., and Cordery, I.: Formation of runoff at the hillslope scale during intense precipitation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 907&amp;ndash;922, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Scherrer, S. and Naef, F.: A decision scheme to identify dominant flow processes at the plot-scale for the evaluation of contributing areas at the catchments-scale, Hydrol. Processes, 17, 2, 391&amp;ndash;401, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Sidle, R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., and Shimizu T.: Stormflow generation in steep forested headwaters: a linked hydrogeomorphic paradigm, Hydrol. Processes, 14, 369&amp;ndash;385, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Trojan, M. D. and Linden, D. R.: Microrelief and rainfall effects on water and solute movement in earthworm burrows, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 727&amp;ndash;733, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Uchida, T., Kosugi, K., and Mizuyama, T.: Runoff characteristics of pipeflow and effects of pipeflow on rainfall-runoff phenomena in a mountainous watershed, J. Hydrol., 222, 18&amp;ndash;36, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Uchida, T., Kosugi, K., and Mizuyama, T.: Effects of pipeflow on hydrological process and its relation to landslide: a review of pipeflow studies in forested catchments, Hydrol. Processes, 15, 2151&amp;ndash;2174, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Weiler, M., McDonnell, J. J., Tromp-van Meerveld, I., and Uchida, T.: Subsurface Stormflow, in: Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, Volume 3, Part 10, edited by: Anderson, M. G. and McDonnell, J. J., Wiley and Sons, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Weiler, M.: Mechanisms controlling macropore flow during infiltration, Dissertation, ETH Zurich, http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&amp;nr=14237, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Weiler, M. and Naef, F.: An experimental tracer study of the role of macropores in infiltration in grassland soils, Hydrol. Processes, 17, 477&amp;ndash;493, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Whipkey, R. Z.: Subsurface stormflow from forested slopes, Bull. International Association Scientific Hydrology, 10, 74&amp;ndash;85, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Woods, R. and Rowe, L.: The changing spatial variability of subsurface flow across a hillside, New Zealand Journal of Hydrology, 35(1), 51&amp;ndash;86, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Zuidema, P. K.: Hydraulik der Abflussbildung während Starkniederschlägen, Mitteilungen der VAW, 79, 150 p., Dissertation, 1985. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

