<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/hess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1027-5606</issn>
		<eissn>1607-7938</eissn>
		<volume_number>12</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/hess-12-363-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/363/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/363/2008/hess-12-363-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/363/2008/hess-12-363-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>363</start_page>
	<end_page>370</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-03-05</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Recovery from episodic acidification delayed by drought and high sea salt deposition</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>H. Laudon</name>
			<email>hjalmar.laudon@emg.umu.se</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Ume&amp;aring; University, 901 87 Ume&amp;aring;, Sweden</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">For the prediction of episodic acidification large uncertainties are
connected to climatic variability and its effect on drought conditions and
sea-salt episodes. In this study data on 342 hydrological episodes in 25
Swedish streams, sampled over 10 years, have been analyzed using a recently
developed episode model. The results demonstrate that drought is the most
important factor modulating the magnitude of the anthropogenic influence on
pH and ANC during episodes. These modulating effects are especially
pronounced in southern and central Sweden, where the historically high acid
deposition has resulted in significant S pools in catchment soils. The
results also suggest that the effects of episodic acidification are becoming
less severe in many streams, but this amelioration is less clear in coastal
streams subject to high levels of sea-salt deposition. Concurrently with the
amelioration of the effects of episodic acidification, regional climate
models predict that temperatures will increase in Sweden during the coming
decades, accompanied by reductions in summer precipitation and more frequent
storms during fall and winter in large areas of the country. If these
predictions are realized delays in streams&apos; recovery from episodic
acidification events can be expected.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Alewell, C., Mitchell, M. J., Likens, G. E., and Krouse, H. R.: Sources of stream sulfate at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Long-term analyses using stable isotopes, Biogeochemistry, 44, 281&amp;ndash;299, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Baker, J. P., VanSickle, J., Gagen, C. J., DeWalle, D. R., Sharpe, W. E., Carline, R. F., Baldigo, B. P., Murdoch, P. S., Bath, D. W., Kretser, W. A., Simonin, H. A., and Wigington, P. J.: Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Effects on fish populations, Ecol. Appl., 6, 422&amp;ndash;437, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Bishop, K. H., Laudon, H., and Köhler, S.: Separating the natural and anthropogenic components of spring flood pH decline: A method for areas that are not chronically acidified, Water Resour. Res., 30, 1873&amp;ndash;1889, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Christophersen, N., Dymbe, L. H., Johannssen, M., and Seip, H. M.: A Model for Sulphate in Streamwater at Stogama, Southern Norway, Ecol. Model., 21, 35&amp;ndash;61, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Devito, K. J., Hill, A. R., and Dillon, P. J.: Episodic sulphate export from wetlands in acidified headwater catchments: prediction at the landscape scale, Biogeochemistry, 44, 187&amp;ndash;203, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Eimers, M. C., Dillon, P. J., and Schiff, S. L.: Sulphate flux from an upland forested catchment in South-Central Ontario, Canada, Water Air Soil Poll., 152, 3&amp;ndash;21, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Eimers, M. C., Dillon, P. J., and Watmough, S. A.: Long-term (18-year) changes in sulphate concentrations in two Ontario headwater lakes and their inflows in response to decreasing deposition and climate variations, Hydrol. Process., 18, 2617&amp;ndash;2630, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Evans, C. D., Monteith, D. T., and Harriman, R.: Long-term variability in the deposition of marine ions at west coast sites in the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network: impacts on surface water chemistry and significance for trend determination, Sci. Total Environ., 265, 115&amp;ndash;129, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Fölster, J., Bishop, K., Kram, P., Kvarnas, H., and Wilander, A.: Time series of long-term annual fluxes in the streamwater of nine forest catchments from the Swedish environmental monitoring program (PMK 5), Sci. Total Environ., 310, 113&amp;ndash;120, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Fölster, J. and Wilander, A.: Recovery from acidification in Swedish forest streams, Environ. Pollut., 117, 379&amp;ndash;389, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Heath, R. H., Kahl, J. S., Norton, S. A., and Fernandez, I. J.: Episodic stream acidification caused by atmospheric deposition of sea salts at Acadia National Park, Maine, United States, Water Resour. Res., 28, 1081&amp;ndash;1088, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Hindar, A., Henrikssen, A., Torseth, K., and Semb, A.: Acid water and fish death, Nature, 372, 327&amp;ndash;328, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Hindar, A., Torseth, K., Henriksen, A., and Orsolini, Y.: The significance of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) for sea-salt episodes and acidification-related effects in Norwegian rivers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 26&amp;ndash;33, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Jeffries, D. S., Semkin, R. G., Beall, F. D., and Franklyn, J.: Temporal trends in water chemistry in the Turkey Lakes watershed, Ontario, Canada, 1982&amp;ndash;1999, Water Air Soil Poll., Focus, 2, 5&amp;ndash;22, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Kindbom, K., Sjöberg, K., Munthe, J., Peterson, K., Persson, C., Roos, E., and Bergström, R.: Nationell miljöövervakning av nederbördskemi, IVL (Swedish Environmental Research Institute), 35 pp., (in Swedish), 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kjellström, E.: Recent and future signatures of climate change in Europe. Ambio, 33, 193&amp;ndash;198, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Kowalik, R. A. and Ormerod, S. J.: Intensive sampling and transplantation experiments reveal continued effects of episodic acidification on sensitive stream invertebrates, Freshwater Biol., 51, 180&amp;ndash;191, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Laudon, H. and Bishop, K.: Episodic stream water decline during autumn storms following a summer drought, Hydrol. Process., 16, 1725&amp;ndash;1733, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Laudon, H., Clair, T. A., and Hemond, H. F.: Long-term response in episodic acidification to declining SO42- deposition in two streams in Nova Scotia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 773&amp;ndash;781, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Laudon, H., Dillon, P. J., Eimers, M. C., Semkin, R. G., and Jeffries, D. S.: Climate-induced episodic acidification of streams in central Ontario, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6009&amp;ndash;6015, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Laudon, H. and Hemond, H. F.: Recovery of streams from episodic acidification in northern Sweden, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 921&amp;ndash;928, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Laudon, H., Westling, O., Lofgren, S., and Bishop, K.: Modeling preindustrial ANC and pH during the spring flood in northern Sweden, Biogeochemistry, 54, 171&amp;ndash;195, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Lawrence, G. B.: Persistent episodic acidification of streams linked to acid rain effects on soil, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1589&amp;ndash;1598, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Lepori, F., Barbieri, A., and Ormerod, S. J.: Effects of episodic acidification on macroinvertebrate assemblages in Swiss Alpine streams, Freshwater Biol., 48, 1873&amp;ndash;1885, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Mylona, S.: Sulphur dioxide emissions in Europe 1880&amp;ndash;1991 and their effect on sulphur concentrations and depositions, Tellus B, 48, 662&amp;ndash;689, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Neal, C. and Kirchner, J. W.: Sodium and chloride levels in rainfall, mist, streamwater and groundwater at the Plynlimon catchments, mid-Wales: inferences on hydrological and chemical controls, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 295&amp;ndash;310, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Posch, M., Hettelingh, J.-P., de Smet, P. A. M., and Downing, R. T.: Calculation and mapping of critical thresholds in Europe: Status Report 1997, 259101007, RIVM, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Raddum, G. G., Fjellheim, A., and Skjelkvale, B. L.: Improvements in water quality and aquatic ecosystems due to reduction in sulphur deposition in Norway, Water Air Soil Pollut., 130, 87&amp;ndash;98, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Schiff, S. L., Spoelstra, J., Semkin, R. G., and Jeffries, D. S.: Drought induced pulses of SO42- from a Canadian shield wetland: use of delta S-34 and delta O-18 in SO42- to determine sources of sulfur, Appl. Geochem., 20, 691&amp;ndash;700, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Skjelkv&amp;aring;le, B. L., Mannio, J., Wilander, A., and Andersen, T.: Recovery from acidification of lakes in Finland, Norway and Sweden 1990&amp;ndash;1999, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 327&amp;ndash;337, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lukewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg, J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkv&amp;aring;le, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam, H., Webster, K. E., Wieting, J., and Wilander, A.: Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe, Nature, 401, 575&amp;ndash;578, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Warfvinge, P. and Bertills, U.: Recovery from Acidification, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency report 5034, Stockholm, 96 pp., 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Wigington, P. J., Baker, J. P., DeWalle, D. R., Kretser, W. A., Murdoch, P. S., Simonin, H. A., VanSickle, J., McDowell, M. K., Peck, D. V., and Barchet, W. R.: Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic Response Project, Ecol. Appl. Issn, 6, 374&amp;ndash;388, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Wilander, A., Johnson, R. K., Goedkoop, W., and Lundin, L.: Riksinventeringen 1995, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency report 4813, Stockholm, 210 pp., (in Swedish with English summary), 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Yan, N. D., Girard, R., Heneberry, J. H., Keller, W. B., Gunn, J. M., and Dillon, P. J.: Recovery of copepod, but not cladoceran, zooplankton from severe and chronic effects of multiple stressors, Ecol. Lett., 7, 452&amp;ndash;460, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Yue, S., Pilon, P., and Cavadias, G.: Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman&apos;s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, J. Hydrol., 259, 254&amp;ndash;271, 2002. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

