Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net
1027-5606
1607-7938
13
7
2009
10.5194/hess-13-1113-2009
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1113/2009/
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1113/2009/hess-13-1113-2009.html
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1113/2009/hess-13-1113-2009.pdf
1113
1121
2009-07-13
Deriving inherent optical properties and associated inversion-uncertainties in the Dutch Lakes
M. S. Salama
salama@itc.nl
A. Dekker
Z. Su
C. M. Mannaerts
W. Verhoef
International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia
The National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Emmeloord, The Netherlands
Remote sensing of water quality in inland waters requires reliable retrieval
algorithms, accurate atmospheric correction and consistent method for
uncertainty estimation. In this paper, the GSM semi-analytical inversion
model is modified for inland waters to derive inherent optical properties
(IOPs) and their spectral dependencies from air and space borne data. The
modified model was validated using two data sets from the Veluwe and the
Vecht Dutch lakes. For the Veluwe lakes, the model was able to derive a
linear relationship between measured concentrations and estimated IOPs with
<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> values above 0.7 for chlorophyll-<i>a</i> (Chl-<i>a</i>) and up to 0.9 for
suspended particulate matters (SPM). In the Vecht lakes, the modified model
derived accurate values of IOPs. The <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> values were 0.89 for Chl-<i>a</i> and
up to 0.95 for SPM. The RMSE values were 0.93 mg m<sup>−3</sup> and
0.56 g m<sup>−3</sup> for Chl-<i>a</i> and SPM respectively. Finally, the IOPs of the
Veluwe lakes are derived from multi-spectral, ocean color and hyperspectral
airborne data. Inversion-uncertainties of the derived IOPs were also
estimated using a standard nonlinear regression technique. The study shows
that inversion-uncertainties of remote sensing derived IOPs are proportional
to water turbidity.
Bates, D. and Watts, D.: Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications, John Wiley and Sons, NY, 365 pp., 1988.
Bricaud, A., Morel, A., and Prieur, L.: Absorption by dissolved organic-matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains, Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 43–53, 1981.
Bricaud, A., Babin, M., Morel, A., and Claustre, H.: Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of naturnal phytoplankton: Analysis and parameterization, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13321–13332, 1995.
Bricaud, A., Morel, A., Babin, M., Allali, K., and Claustre, H.: Variations of light absorption by suspended particles with chlorophyll a concentration in oceanic (case 1) waters: Analysis and implications for bio-optical models, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C13), 31033–31044, 1998.
Carder, K., Chen, F., Lee, Z., Hawes, S., and Kamykowski, D.: Semianalytical Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer algorithms for chlorophyll-a and absorption with bio-optical domains based on nitrate-depletion temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5403–5421, 1999.
Cox, C. and Munk, W.: Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun glitter, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 838–850, 1954a.
Cox, C. and Munk, W.: Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter, J. Mar. Res., 13, 198–227, 1954b.
Dekker, A.: Detection of optical water quality parameters for eutrophic waters by high resolution remote sensing, Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1993.
Dekker, A., Malthus, T., Wijnen, M., and Seyhan, E.: Remote sensing as a tool for assessing water quality in Loosdrecht Lakes, Hydrobiologia, 233, 137–159, 1992.
Dekker, A., Hoogenboom, H., Goddijn, L., Malthus, T.: The relationship between inherent optical properties and reflectance spectra in turbid inland waters, Remote Sens. Reviews, 15, 59–74, 1997.
Doerffer, R. and Fischer, J.: Concentration of chlorophyll, suspended matter, and gelbstoff in case II waters derived from satellite coastal zone color scanner with inverse methods, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7457–7466, 1994.
Doerffer, R. and Schiller, H.: The MERIS cas 2 water algorithm, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 3/4, 517–535, 2007. %
%D'Sa, E. and Miller, R.: Bio-optical properties of coastal waters., in: Remote % Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments, edited by Miller, R., del Castillo, % C., and McKee, B., 129–155, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2005.
Fernández-Renau, A., Gómez, J. A., and De Miguel, E.: The INTA-AHS system, in: SPIE proceeding of Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites IX, Vol. 5978, 471–478, 2005.
GEOSS: GEO Inland and nearshore coastal water quality remote sensing, in: GEOSS group on earth observation, edited by: Bauer, M., Dekker, A., DiGiacomo, P., Greb, S., Gitelson, A., Herlevi, A., and Kutser, T., GEO, 2007.
Gitelson, A., Garbuzov, G., Szilagyi, F., Mittenzwey, K H., Karnieli, A., and Kaiser, A.: Quantitative remote sensing methods for real-time monitoring of inland waters quality, Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 1269–1295, 1993.
Gons, H., Rijkeboer, M., and Ruddick, K.: A chlorophyll-retrieval algorithm for satellite imagery (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) of inland and coastal waters, J. Plankton Res., 24, 947–951, 2002.
Goody, R.: Atmospheric radiation 1, theoretical basis, Oxford University Press, 544 pp., 1964.
Gordon, H.: Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17081–17106, 1997.
Gordon, H., Clark, D., Brown, J., Brown, O., Evans, R., and Broenkow, W.: Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the middle Atlantic bight: comparison of ship determinations and CZCS estimates, Appl. Optics, 22, 20–36, 1983.
Gordon, H., Brown, J., and Evans, R.: Exact Rayleigh scattering calculation for the use with the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner, Appl. Optics, 27, 862–871, 1988a.
Gordon, H., Brown, O., Evans, R., Brown, J., Smith, R., Baker, K., and Clark, D.: A semianalytical radiance model of ocean color, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D9), 10909–10924, 1988b.
Hakvoort, H.: Absorption of light by surface water, Ph.d., Technische Universiteit, Delft, 1994.
Hakvoort, H., de~Haan, J., Jordans, R., Vos, R., Peters, S., and Rijkeboer, M.: Towards airborne remote sensing of water quality in The Netherlands – validation and error analysis, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 57, 171–183, 2002.
Hoge, F E. and Lyon, P E.: Satellite retrieval of inherent optical properties by linear matrix inversion of ocean radiance models: An analysis of model and radiance measurement errors, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16631–16648, 1996.
Hoogenboom, H., Dekker, A., and De~Haan, J.: Retrieval of chlorophyll a and suspended matter in inland waters from Casi data by matrix inversion, Can. J. Remote Sens., 24, 144–152, 1998.
Kallio, K., Kutser, T., Hannonen, T., Koponen, S., Pulliainen, J., Vepsalainen, J., and Pyhalahti, T.: Retrieval of water quality from airborne imaging spectrometry of various lake types in different seasons, Sci. Total Environ., 208, 59–77, 2001.
Kishino, M., Tanaka, A., and Ishizaka, J.: Retrieval of Chlorophyll a, suspended solids, and colored dissolved organic matter in Tokyo Bay using ASTER data, Remote Sens. Environ., 99, 66–74, 2005.
Kopelevich, O.: Small-parameter model of optical properties of sea waters, Vol 1, Physical Ocean Optics, Nauka, 1983.
Laws, E.: Mathematical Methods for Oceanographers: An introduction, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 343 pp., 1997.
Lee, Z. and Carder, K.: Hyperspctral remote sensing, in: Remote Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments, edited by: Miller, R., del Castillo, C., and McKee, B., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 181–204, 2005.
Lee, Z.: Remote sensing of inherent optical properties: Fundamentals, tests of algorithms, and applications, Tech. Rep 5, International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group, 2006.
Lee, Z., Carder, K., Mobley, C., Steward, R., and Patch, J.: Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters: 2. Deriving bottom depths and water properties by optimization, Appl. Optics, 38, 3831–3843, 1999.
Malkmus, W.: Random Lorentz band model with exponential-tailed S<sup>−1</sup> line intensity distribution function, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 323–329, 1967.
Maritorena, S. and Siegel, D.: Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model, Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 429–440, 2005.
Maritorena, S., Siegel, D., and Peterson, A.: Optimization of a semianalytical ocean color model for global-scale applications, Appl. Optics, 41, 2705–2714, 2002.
Mobley, C.: Light and water radiative transfer in natural waters, Academic Press, 592 pp., 1994.
Petzold, T.: Volume scattering functions for selected ocean waters, in: Light in the Sea, edited by: Tyler, J., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa. USA, Vol 12, pp. 150–174, 1977.
Pop, R. and Fry, E.: Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water: II, Integrating cavity measurements, Appl. Optics, 36, 8710–8723, 1997.
Press, W., Teukolsky, S., Vetterling, W., and Flannery, B.: Numerical recipes in C++, The art of scientific computing, Cambridge University Press, 1002 pp., 2002. %
%Salama, M. and Stein, A.: Error decomposition and estimation of inherent %optical properties, in review, Appl. Optics, 2009.
Salama, M S.: Optical remote sensing for the estimation of marine bio-geophysical quantities, Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 2003. \bibitem [Salama et~al.(2004)]Salama_etal2004 Salama, M. S., Monbaliu , J., Coppin, P.: Atmospheric correction of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 7/8, 1349–1355, 2004.
Shen, F., Salama, M. S., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Su, Z., and Kuang, D.: Remote-sensing reflectance characteristics of highly turbid estuarine waters – a comparative experiment of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, Int. J. Remote Sens., in press, 2009.
Schroeder, T., Behnert, I., Schaale, R., Fischer, J., and Doerffer, R.: Atmospheric correction algorithm for MERIS above case-2 waters, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 7, 1469–1486, 2007.
Su, Z., Timmermans, W. J., van der Tol, C., Dost, R., Bianchi, R., Gómez, J. A., House, A., Hajnsek, I., Menenti, M., Magliulo, V., Esposito, M., Haarbrink, R., Bosveld, F., Rothe, R., Baltink, H. K., Vekerdy, Z., Sobrino, J. A., Timmermans, J., van Laake, P., Salama, S., van der Kwast, H., Claassen, E., Stolk, A., Jia, L., Moors, E., Hartogensis, O., and Gillespie, A.: EAGLE 2006 – Multi-purpose, multi-angle and multi-sensor in-situ and airborne campaigns over grassland and forest, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 833–845, 2009.
Sydor, M., Gould, R., Arnone, R., Haltrin, V., and Goode, W.: Uniqueness in remote sensing of the inherent optical properties of ocean water, Appl. Optics, 43, 2156–2162, 2004.
Timmermans, W., Dost, R., and Su, Z.: EAGLE 2006 – EAGLE Netherlands multi-purpose, multi-angle and multi-sensor in-situ, airborne and spaceborne campaigns over grassland and forest, Tech. rep., Department of Water Resources International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, ITC, 2007.
Van~der Velde, R., Su, Z., and Ma, Y.: Impact of soil moisture dynamics on ASAR so signatures and its spatial variability observed over the Tibetan Plateau, Sensors, 8, 5479–5491, 2008.
Van~der Woerd, H. and Pasterkamp, R.: HYDROPT: A fast and flexible method to retrieve chlorophyll-$a$ from multispectral satellite observations of optically complex coastal waters, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 1795–1807, 2008.
Vermote, E., Tanre, D., Deuze, J., Herman, M., and Morcrette, J.: Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: An overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 35, 675–686, 1997.
Vos, R., Villars, M., Roozekrans, J., Peters, S., and Raaphorst, W V.: Integrated monitoring of total suspended sediment in the Dutch coastal zone, Tech. rep., part II, 1998.
Wang, P., Boss, E., and Roesler, C.: Uncertainties of inherent optical properties obtained from semianalytical inversions of ocean color, Appl. Optics, 44, 4074–4084, 2005.