Hydrology and Earth System Sciences www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net 1027-5606 1607-7938 13 7 2009 10.5194/hess-13-1249-2009 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1249/2009/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1249/2009/hess-13-1249-2009.html http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1249/2009/hess-13-1249-2009.pdf 1249 1260 2009-07-21 Retrieval of canopy component temperatures through Bayesian inversion of directional thermal measurements J. Timmermans timmermans@itc.nl W. Verhoef C. van der Tol Z. Su International Institute for Geo-Information Sciences and Earth Observation (ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, P. O. Box 6, 7500 AA, Enschede, The Netherlands National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), Anthony Fokkerweg 2, 1059 CM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Evapotranspiration is usually estimated in remote sensing from single temperature value representing both soil and vegetation. This surface temperature is an aggregate over multiple canopy components. The temperature of the individual components can differ significantly, introducing errors in the evapotranspiration estimations. The temperature aggregate has a high level of directionality. An inversion method is presented in this paper to retrieve four canopy component temperatures from directional brightness temperatures. The Bayesian method uses both a priori information and sensor characteristics to solve the ill-posed inversion problem. The method is tested using two case studies: 1) a sensitivity analysis, using a large forward simulated dataset, and 2) in a reality study, using two datasets of two field campaigns. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the Bayesian approach is able to retrieve the four component temperatures from directional brightness temperatures with good success rates using multi-directional sensors (<i>S_r</i>^spectra≈0.3, <i>S_r</i>^gonio≈0.3, and <i>S_r</i>^AATSR≈0.5), and no improvement using mono-angular sensors (<i>S_r</i>≈1). The results of the experimental study show that the approach gives good results for high LAI values (RMSE_grass=0.50 K, RMSE_wheat=0.29 K, RMSE_{sugar beet}=0.75 K, RMSE_barley=0.67 K); but for low LAI values the results were unsatisfactory (RMSE_{young maize}=2.85 K). This discrepancy was found to originate from the presence of the metallic construction of the setup. As these disturbances, were only present for two crops and were not present in the sensitivity analysis, which had a low LAI, it is concluded that using masked thermal images will eliminate this discrepancy. % vor jede Referenz Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Menenti, M., Feddes, R. A., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: a Remote Sensing Surface Energy Balance Algorithm, for land (SEBAL) 1: Formulation, J. Hydrol., 212–213, 198–212, 1998. D`Urso, G., Dini, L., Vuolo, F., Alonso, L., and Guanter, L.: Retrieval of Leaf Area Index by Invering Hyper-spectral Multi-Angular CHRIS/PROBA data from SPARC 2003, Procedures of the 2nd CHRIS/PROBA Workshop, ESA SP-578, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, 2004. Fox, J.: Applied regression analysis, linear models and related methods, Sage Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, California, p 597, 1997. Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P., Gascon, F., and Estève, P.: An interpolation procedure for generalizing a look-up table inversion method, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, 55–71, 2003. Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P., Martin, E., and Gascon, F.: DART: a 3D model for simulating satellite images and studying surface radiation budget, 2004, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(1), 73–96, 2004. Gillespie, A., Rokugawa, S., Matsunaga, T., Cothern, J. S., Hook, S., and Kahle, A. B.: A Temperature and Emissivity Separation Algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) Images, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 36(4), 1113–1226, 1998. Jacquemoud, S. and Baret, F.: PROSPECT: a model of leaf optical properties spectra, Remote Sens. Environ., 34, 75–91, 1990. Jia, L., Su, Z., van den Hurk, B., Menenti, M., Moene, A., de Bruin, H. A. R., Baselga Yrisarry, J. J. B., Ibanez, M., and Cuesta, A.: Estimation of Sensible Heat Flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR Measurements, Phys. Chem. Earth, 28, 75–88, 2003a. Jia, L., Li, Z.-l., Menenti, M., Su, Z., Verhoef, W., and Wan, Z.: A practical algorithm to infer soil and foliage component temperatures from bi-angular ATSR-2 data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24(23), 4739–4760, 2003b. Kimes, D. S., Knyazikhin, Y., Privette, J. L., AbuelGasim, A. A., and Gao, F.: Inversion Methods for Physically-Based Models, Remote Sens. Rev., 18, 381–439, 2000. Knyazikhin, Y., Martonchik, J. V., Diner, D. J., Myneni, R. B., Verstraete, M., Pinty, B., and Gobron, N.: Estimation of Vegetation Canopy Leaf Area Index and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically active Radiation from Atmosphere-corrected MISR data, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 32239–32256, 1998. Kustas, W. P. and Norman, J. M.: A two-Source Energy Balance Approach using Directional Radiometric Temperature Observations for Sparse Canopy Covered Surfaces, Agron. J., 92, 847–854, 2000. Li, Z.-l., Zhang, R., Sun, X., Su, H., Tang, X., Zhu, Z., and Sobrino, J. A.: Experimental system for the study of the directional thermal emission of natural surfaces, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(1), 245–259, 2004. Martonchik, J. V., Diner, D. J., Pinty, B., Verstraete, M. M., Myeni, R. B., Knyazikhin, Y., and Gordon, H. R.: Determination of Land and Ocean Reflective, Radiative, and Biophysical Properties using Multiangle Imagery, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 36(4), 1266–1281, 1998. Moré, J. J. and Wright, S. J.: Optimization software guide, Frontiers in Applied Mathematics series, Vol. 14., Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, 1993. Norman, J. M., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S.: Source Approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 77, 263–293, 2005. North, P. R. J.: Estimation of Aerosol opacity and land surface bidirectional reflectance from ATSR-2 dual angle imagery: operational method and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D12), 4149, doi:10.1029/2000JD000207, 2002. Payan, V. and Royer, A.: Analysis of Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm applicability and sensitivity, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(1), 15–37, 2004. Picton, P.: Neural Networks, 2$^nd$ edition, Palgrave, Grassroot series 2000, Basingstoke New York, 0-333-80287-X, 195~pp., 2000. Pinty, B., Gobron, N., Widlowski, J.-L., Gerstl, S. A. W., Verstraete, M. M., Antunes, M., Bacour, C., Gascon, F., Gastellu, J.-P., Goel, N., Jacquemoud, S., North, P., Qin, W., and Thompson, R.: The Radiation transfer Model (RAMI) Exercise, J. Geophys. Res. – IWMMM-2 Special issue, 106, 11937–11956, 2001. Pinty, B., Widlowski, J.-L., Taberner, M., Gobron, N., Verstraete, M. M., Disney, M., Gascon, F., Gastellu, J.-P., Jiang, L., Kuusk, A., Lewis, P., Li, X., Ni-Meister, W., Nilson, T., North, P., Qin, W., Su, L., Tang, S., Thompson, R., Verhoef, W., Wang, H., Wang, J., Yan, G., and Zang, H.: Radiation Transfer Model Intercomparison (RAMI) exercise: Results from the second phase, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06210, doi:10.1029/2003JD004252, 2004. Prata, A. J. F., Cechet, R. P., Barton, I. J., and Llewellyn-Jones, D. T.: The Along Track Scanning Radiometer for ERS-1-Scan Geometry and Data Simulation, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 28(1), 3–13, 1990. Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T.: Numerical Recipes in C: the art of scientific computing, Third Edition, 1256~pp., Cambridge University Press ISBN-10: 0521880688, 2007. Quattrochi, D. A. and Luvall, J. C.: Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes, CRC Press, Albert House, 4th floor 1–4 Singer Street London EC2A 4BQ, United Kingdom, 2004. Sobrino, J. A. and Jiménez-Munõz, J. C.: Land surface temperature Retrieval from Thermal Infrared data: An assessment in the context of the Surface Process and Ecosystem Changes through Response Analysis (SPECTRA) mission, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16103, doi:10.1029/2004JD005588, 2005. Sobrino, J. A., Romaguera, M., Sòria, G., Zaragoza, M. M., Gomez, M., Cuenca, J., Julien, Y., Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Su, Z., Jia, L., Gieske, A. S. M., Timmermans, W. J., van der Kwast, H., Olioso, A., Nerry, F., Sabol, D., and Moreno, J.: Thermal measurements in the framework of SPARC, in: Proceedings of the ESA WPP-250: SPARC final workshop, 4–5 July, 2005, 6~pp., Enschede: ESA, 2005. Su, Z.: The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 6(1), 85–99, 2002. Su, Z., Timmermans, W. J., Dost, R., Bianchi, R., Gómez, J. A., House, A., Hajnsek, I., Menenti, M., Magliulo, V., Esposito, M., Haarbrink, R., Bosveld, F., Rothe, R., Baltink, H. K., Vekerdy, Z., Sobrino, J. A., van der Tol, C., Timmermans, J., van Laake, P., Salama, S., van der Kwast, H., Claassen, E., Stolk, A., Jia, L., Moors , E., Hartogensis, O., and Gillespie, A.: EAGLE 2006 – Multi-purpose, multi-angle and multi-sensor in-situ and airborne campaigns over grassland and forest, in: Proceedings of the AGRISAR and EAGLE campaigns, final workshop, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, ESA, 2007 (ESA Proceedings WPP-279), 11~pp., 2007. Su, Z., Timmermans, W. J., van der Tol, C., Dost, R., Bianchi, R., Gómez, J. A., House, A., Hajnsek, I., Menenti, M., Magliulo, V., Esposito, M., Haarbrink, R., Bosveld, F., Rothe, R., Baltink, H. K., Vekerdy, Z., Sobrino, J. A., Timmermans, J., van Laake, P., Salama, S., van der Kwast, H., Claassen, E., Stolk, A., Jia, L., Moors, E., Hartogensis, O., and Gillespie, A.: EAGLE 2006 – Multi-purpose, multi-angle and multi-sensor in-situ and airborne campaigns over grassland and forest, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 833–845, 2009. Tarantola, A.: Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation, SIAM: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ISBN-10: 0898715725, ISBN-13: 978-0898715729, 2005. Timmermans, J., van der Tol, C., Verhoef, W., and Su, Z.: Contact and directional radiative temperature measurements of sunlit and shaded land surface components during the SEN2FLEX 2005 campaign, Int. J. Remote Sens., 29,(17), 5183–5192, 2008. Timmermans, J., Gieske, A. S. M., van der Tol, C., Verhoef, W., and Su, Z.: Automated directional measurement system for the acquisition of thermal radiative measurements of vegetative canopies, Sensors, 9, 1409–1422, doi:10.3390/s90301409, 2009. Timmermans, W. J., van der Kwast, H., Gieske, A. S. M., Su, Z., Olioso, A., Jia, L., and Elbers, J.:~Intercomparison of energy flux models using ASTER imagery at the SPARC 2004 site (Barrax, Spain), in: Proceedings of the ESA WPP-250: SPARC final workshop, 8~pp., 4–5 July, 2005. van der Tol, C., Verhoef, W., Timmermans, J., Verhoef, A., and Su, Z.: An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiance observations, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 6025–6075, 2009. Van Ulden, A. P. and Wieringa, J.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer Research at Cabauw, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 78, 39–69, 1996. Verhoef, W.: Light Scattering by Leaf Layers with Application to Canopy Reflectance Modeling: The SAIL model, Remote Sens. Environ., 16, 124–141, 1984. Verhoef, W.: Simultaneous retrieval of soil, leaf, canopy and atmospheric parameters from hyperspectral information in the red edge through model inversion, report for National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, 20, 2000. Verhoef, W., Jia, L., Xiao, Q., and Su, Z.: Unified optical – thermal four – stream radiative transfer theory for homogeneous vegetation canopies, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 45(6), 1808–1822, 2007a. Verhoef, W.: A Bayesian Optimizations approach for Model Inversion of Hyperspectral-Multidirectional Observations: The Balance with a priori Information, proc. of the 10th Int. Symposium on Phys. Measurements and Spectral Signatures in Remote Sensing (ISPMSRS'07), Davos, Switzerland, 208–213, March 2007b. Widlowski, J.-L., Taberner, M., Pinty, B., Bruniquel-Pinel, V., Disney, M., Fernandes, R., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Gobron, N., Kuusk, A., Lavergne, T., Leblanc, S., Lewis, P. E., Martin, E., Mõttus, M., North, P. R. J., Qin, W., Robustelli, M., Rochdi, N., Ruiloba, R., Soler, C., Thompson, R., Verhoef, W., Verstraete, M. M., and Xie, D.: Third radiation transfer model intercomparison (RAMI) exercise: documenting progress in canopy reflectance models, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D9), D09111, ISSN 01480227, 2007. Yamaguchi, Y., Kahle, A. B., Tsu, H., Kawakami, T., and Pniel, M.: Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER), IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 36(4), 1062–1071, 1998. Yan, G., Friedl, M., Li, X., Wang, J., Zhu, C., and Strahler, A. H.: Modeling Directional Effects from Nonisothermal Land Surfaces in Wideband Thermal Infrared Measurements, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 39(5), 1095–1099, 2001.