<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/hess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1027-5606</issn>
		<eissn>1607-7938</eissn>
		<volume_number>13</volume_number>
		<issue_number>10</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/hess-13-1897-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1897/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1897/2009/hess-13-1897-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1897/2009/hess-13-1897-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1897</start_page>
	<end_page>1906</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-10-15</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">A snowmelt runoff forecasting model coupling WRF and DHSVM</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>Q. Zhao</name>
			<email>dsslab@163.com</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2,3,4">
			<name>Z. Liu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. Ye</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>Y. Qin</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>Z. Wei</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>S. Fang</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">The States Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold &amp; Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Oasis Ecology Key laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">International Centers for Desert Affairs-Research on Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Urumqi, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">This study linked the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) modelling system and the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model
(DHSVM) to forecast snowmelt runoff. The study area was the 800 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
Juntanghu watershed of the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain Range. This
paper investigated snowmelt runoff forecasting models suitable for
meso-microscale application. In this study, a limited-region 24-h Numeric
Weather Forecasting System was formulated using the new generation
atmospheric model system WRF with the initial fields and lateral boundaries
forced by Chinese T213L31 model. Using the WRF forecasts, the DHSVM
hydrological model was used to predict 24 h snowmelt runoff at the outlet of
the Juntanghu watershed. Forecasted results showed a good similarity to the
observed data, and the average relative error of maximum runoff simulation
was less than 15%. The results demonstrate the potential of using a
meso-microscale snowmelt runoff forecasting model for forecasting floods.
The model provides a longer forecast period compared with traditional models
such as those based on rain gauges or statistical forecasting.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Agricultural Bureau of Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang: Soil Survey Office of Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang: Soil in Xinjiang, Science Press, Beijing, China, 61–752, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Anderson, M. L., Chen Z.-Q., Kawas, M. L., and Feldman, M. L. A.: Coupling HEC-HMS with atmospheric models for prediction of watershed runoff, J. Hydrologic Engrg., 7(\refeq4), 312–318, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Klein, A. G. and Barnett, A. C. : Validation of daily MODIS snow cover maps of the Upper Rio Grande River Basin for the 2000–2001 snow year, Remote Sens. Environ., 86 162–176, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Barton, J. S., Hall, D. K., and Riggs, G. A.: Thermal and geometric thresholds in the mapping of snow with MODIS, 11 July, unpublished document, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Ye, B., Yang, D., Zhang, Z., and Kane. D. L.: Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07102, doi:10.1029/2008JD010537, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Burn, C. R.: Snowmelt infiltration into frozen soil at sites in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Mayo, Yukon Territory,in: Northern Hydrology: Selective Perspectives, edited by:: Prowse, T. P and Ommanney, C. S. L., NHRI Symposium No. 6, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 445–459, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Chen, S. H. and Dudhia, J.: Annual report: WRF physics, Air Force Weather Agency, 38 pp., 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Cherkauer, K. A. and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Simulation of spatial variability in snow and frozen soil, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 8858, doi:10.1029/2003JD003575, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Gray, D. M., Toth, B., and Zhao, L., et al: Estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils, Hydrol. Proc., 15(16), 3095–3111, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Niu, G. and Yang, Z.: Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 7(10), 937–952, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Hong, S. Y., and Pan, H. L.: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322–2339, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Hong, S. Y., Juang, H. M. H., and Zhao, Q.: Implementation of prognostic cloud scheme for a regional spectral model, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 2621–2639, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Bartholmes, J. and Todini, E.: Coupling meteorological and hydrological models for flood Forecasting, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9(\refeq4), 333–346, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Jensen, S. K., and Domingue, J. O.: Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote sensing, 54(11), 1593-1600, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Kain, J. S., and Fritsch, J. M.: A one-dimensional entraining/ detraining plumes model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784–2802, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kain, J. S., and Fritsch, J. M.: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritcsh scheme, The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models, Eedited by: manuel, K. A. and Raymond, D. J., B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 246 pp., 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> K. E. Saxton, W. J. Rawls, J. S. Romberger, and R. I. Papendick: Estimating Generalized Soil-water Characteristics from Texture, Soil SCI. SOC. AM. J., 50, 1031–1036, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kiamehr, R. and Sjoberg, L. E.: Effect of the SRTM global DEM on the determination of a high resolution geoid model; a case study in Iran, J. Geod., 79(9), 540–551, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Kirschbaum, R. and Lettenmaier, D. P.: An evaluation of the effects of anthropogenic activity on streamflow in the Columbia River Basin, Washington, Water Resources Series, Technical Report, University of Washington, Seattle, 156 pp., 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Westrick, K. J. and Mass, C. F.: An Evaluation of a High-Resolution Hydrometeorological Modelling System for Prediction of a Cool-Season Flood Event in a Coastal Mountainous Watershed, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 161–179, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Li Yan: Change of River Flood and Disaster in Xinjiang during Past 40 Years, J. Glacial. Geocryol., 25(03), 342–346, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Lin, C.A., Wen, L. and Béland, M.: A coupled atmospheric-hydrological modelling study of the 1996 Ha! Ha! River basin flash flood in Québec, Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1026–1029, doi:10.1029/2001GL013827, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> LU Gui-hua, WU Zhi-yong and LEI Wen: Application of a coupled atmospheric-hydrological modelling system to real-time flood forecast, Advance in Water Science, 6, 847–852, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Matheussen, B., Kirshbaum, R. L., and Goodman, I. A.: Effects of land cover change on streamflow in the interior Columbia River Basin (USA and Canada), Hydrol. Proc., 14, 867–885, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Michalakes, J., Chen, S., Dudhia, J., and Hart, L.: Development of a next generation regional weather research and forecast model. In: Developments in Teracomputing: Proceedings of the Ninth ECMWF Workshop on the use of high performance computing in meteorology, Singapore, 269–276, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Miller, N. L. and Kim, J.: Numerical prediction of precipitation and river flow over the Russian River watershed during the January 1995 storms, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 77, 101–105, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the long-wave, J. Geophys. Res., 102(14), 16663–16682, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Murray, F. W.: On the computation of saturation vapor pressure, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 203–204, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Berry, P. A. M., Garlick, J. D., Smith, R. G.: Near-global validation of the SRTM DEM using satellite radar altimetry, Remote Sens. Environ., 106, 17–27, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Zhao, Q., Liu, Z., and Shi, Q.: EOS/MODIS data-based estimation of the daily snowmelt in Juntanghu Watershed, northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, in: Remote Sensing and Modelling of Ecosystems for Sustainability IV, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 6679, 66791C, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: The stability of time-split numerical methods for the hydrostatic and the nonhydrostatic elastic equations, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 2109–2127, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Storck, P., and D. P. Lettenmaier, Predicting the effect of a forest canopy on ground snow accumulation and ablation in maritime climates, in Troendle, C, Ed., Proc. 67th Western Snow Conf., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 1-12, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Storck, P.: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation andmelt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest, Water Resource Series, Technical Report 161, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, USA, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Sun, J. and Zhao, P.: Simulation and analysis of three heavy rainfull processes in 1998 with WRF and MM5, Actameteorological Sinica, 61(6), 692–701, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> US Department of the Interior, and US Geological Survey: Sawgrass Density, Biomass, and Leaf Area Index: A Flume Study in Support of Research on Wind Sheltering Effects in the Florida Everglades, Open-File Report 00-172, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> US Department of the Interior, and US Geological Survey: Vegetation Classification for South Florida Natural Areas: Saint Petersburg, Fl, US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2006-1240, 1–142, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> USGS: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)–-&quot;Finished&quot; Products: U.S. Geological Survey, http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/srtmbil.html, last date accessed: 30 June 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Salomonson, V. V. and Appel, I.: Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89 (2004) 351–360. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Wang, W., Barker, D., Bruy_ere, C., Dudhia, J.: WRF Version 2 modelling system user&apos;s guide: http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user guide/, last access: 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Welsh, P., Wildman, A., Shaw, B., et al.: Implementing the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with local data Assimilation in a NWS WFO, 84th AMS Annual Meeting, Seattle, USA, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Wigmosta, M. S., Vail, L. W., and Lettenamaier, D. P.: A distributed hydrological-vegetation model for complex terrain, Water Resour. Res., 30(6), 1665–1679, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Wigmosta, M. S. and Perkins, W. A.: A GIS-based modelling system for watershed analysis: Final Report to the National Council of Paper Industry for Arid and Stream Improvement, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Wigmosta, M. S. and Perkins, W. A.: Simulating the effects of forest roads on watershed hydrology, in: Influence of Urban and Forest Land Use on the Hydrologic Geomorphic Responses of Watersheds, edited by: Wigmosta, M. S. and Burges, S. J., AGU Water Science and Application Series, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Rawls, W. J., Nemes, A., Pachepsky, Y. A., and Saxton, K. E.: Using the NRCS National Soils Information System (NASIS) to Provide Soil Hydraulic Properties for Engineering Applications, Am. Soc. Agricult. Biol. Eng., 50(\refeq5), 1715–1718, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Wu, S. and Zhang, G.: Preliminary Approach on the Floods and Their Calamity Changing Tendency in Xinjiang Region, J. Glaciol. Geocryol., 25(2), 199–203, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Zhang, X., Sun, S., and Xue, Y.: Development and Testing of a Frozen Soil Parameterization for Cold Region Studies, J. Hydrometeorol., 8(\refeq4), 690–701, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Zhang, F., Ma, X., and Yang, K.: Numerical Simulation and Diagnostic Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall in Jiangnan Area during 24–25 June 2003. Meteorological Monthly, 30(\refeq1), 28–32, 2004. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

