Hydrology and Earth System Sciences www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net 1027-5606 1607-7938 13 3 2009 10.5194/hess-13-305-2009 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/305/2009/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/305/2009/hess-13-305-2009.html http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/305/2009/hess-13-305-2009.pdf 305 317 2009-03-11 Large-scale lysimeter site St. Arnold, Germany: analysis of 40 years of precipitation, leachate and evapotranspiration N. Harsch nina.harsch@gmail.com M. Brandenburg O. Klemm Institute of Landscape Ecology, University Münster, Germany State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Germany This study deals with a lysimetrical-meteorological data series collected on the large-scale lysimeter site "St. Arnold", Germany, from November 1965 to April 2007. The particular relevance of this data rests both upon its perdurability and upon the fact that the site is comprised of a grassland basin, an oak/beech and a pine basin. <br><br> Apart from analyzing long term trends of the meteorological measurements, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the water balance in grassland and forested basins, in particular comparing the precipitation term to leachate quantities and potential and actual evapotranspiration. The latter are based upon the Penman and the Penman-Monteith approaches, respectively. <br><br> The main results of this survey are that, on a long-term average, the grassland basin turns more than half (53%) of its annually incoming precipitation into leachate and only 36% into water vapour, while the deciduous forest exhibits a ratio of 37% for leachate and 56% for evapotranspiration, and the evergreen coniferous forest shows the highest evaporation rate (65%) and the lowest leachate rate (26%). <br><br> Concerning these water balances, considerable differences both between basins and between seasons stand out. While summer periods exhibit high evapotranspiration rates for the forests and moderate ones for the grassland, winter periods are characterised by considerable leachate quantities for grassland and the deciduous forest and moderate ones for the coniferous forest. Following the analysis of the climatic development in St. Arnold, trends towards a milder and more humid regional climate were detected. Albrecht, B.: Großlysimeter-Langzeit-Untersuchungen zur Rückführung von Umkehrosmose- Sickerwasserkonzentrat auf den Deponiekörper von Hausmülldeponien unter, Flushing- Bedingungen, Dissertation, University Stuttgart, Reports on Waste Management, 80, 88 pp., 2001. Ayana Gebul, M.: Untersuchungen zum Bodenwasserhaushalt in Abhängigkeit von landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung und auf der Grundlage langjähriger Messungen an der Lysimeterstation in Groß Lüsewitz, Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Urban Water Management, University Rostock, 13–22, 76–90, 2001. Baldocchi, D.: Stomatal Conductance. Lecture, Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2006. Barsch, D. and Flügel, W.-A.: Niederschlag, Grundwasser, Abfluß – Ergebnisse aus dem hydrologisch-geomorphologischen Versuchsgebiet, Hollmuth", Heidelberg Geographic Papers, Institute for Geography, University Heidelberg, 66, 148–149, 94–98, 1988. Baumgartner, A. and Liebscher, H.-J.: Allgemeine Hydrologie. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, 1, 462–517, 1990. Böhm, G.: Die reale Evapotranspiration von Niedermoorgebieten – Ermittlung und Parameterisierung nach dem Penman-Monteith-Konzept. Dissertation, Faculty of Geosciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 33–51, 4–8, 2001. Böwer, C.: Die Entwicklung des Klimas in Münster/Westfalen. Graduation Thesis, University Münster, 20–30, 51, 2006. Böwer, C. and Klemm, O.: Klimawandel – Auch in Westfalen? Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Geographische Kommission für Westfalen, Westfalen Regional, 40–41, 2007. Cislaghi, M., De Michele, C., Ghezzi, A., and Rosso, R.: Statistical assessment of trends and oscillations in rainfall dynamics: Analysis of long daily Italian series, Atmos. Res., 77(1–4), 188–202, 2005. Eagleson, P. S.: Climate, soil, and vegetation: Introduction to water balance dynamics, Water Resour. Res., 14(5), 705–712, 1978. Eulenstein, F. and Wenkel, K.-O.: Wasserrückhalt in Agrarlandschaften, Beitrag der Landnutzung an der Versickerung von Wasser zur Grundwasser-Neubildung am Beispiel Mittlerer Fläming, Centre for Investigation on Agriculture and Land Use, Müncheberg, 6–13, 2002. Fayer, M. J. and Gee, G. W.: Multiple-Year Water Balance of Soil Covers in a Semiarid Setting, J. Environ. Qual., 35(1), 366–377, 2006. Germer, K.: Bodenwassererfassung in der ungesättigten Zone – Vergleich verschiedener Probennahmeverfahren. Diploma Thesis, Institute for Geoecology, Technical University Braunschweig. 22–40, 2004. Graf, A., Sulmann, P., Vornholt, G., and Werner, J.: Test of a new measuring configuration for the determination of evapotranspiration in forest stands, Hydrol. Water Resour. Manage., 50(5), 234, 2006. Granier, A., Biron, P., and Lemoine, D.: Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands, Agricult. For. Meteor., 100(4), 291–308, 2000. Häckel, H.: Meteorologie. 4$^th$ edition, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 70–71, 182–185, 1999. Jenssen, M.: Wald- und Forstökosysteme. Lecture, Faculty of Land Use and Nature Conservation, University of Applied Science Eberswalde, Chapter 4, 2008. Klein, M.: Modellierung des Wasserhaushalts eines Großlysimeters unter Gras. Diploma Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University Osnabrück, 53–67, 79–90, 1995. Klein, M.: Langjähriger Wasserhaushalt von Gras- und Waldbeständen – Entwicklung, Kalibrierung und Anwendung des Modells LYFE am Großlysimeter St Arnold. Dissertation, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University Osnabrück, 6–75, 129–136, 2000. Ladekarl, U. L.: Soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge in forest and heathland. Aarhus Geoscience, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Aarhus, 11, 21–34, 39–40, 2001. Lanthaler, C.: Lysimeter Stations and Soil Hydrology Measuring Sites in Europe – Purpose, Equipment, Research Results, Future Developments. Diploma thesis, School of Natural Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, 96–108, 40–53, 2004. Lanthaler, C.: Updated information about lysimeter and soil hydrology measuring sites in Europe. European Lysimeter Platform, Austria, 1–5, 2006. Leuchs, W. and Bergmann, S.: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Grundwasserhaushalt und Wasserversorgung. Scientific Series on water protection, water and sewage, Aachen, 21, 1–17, 2008. Loos, C., Gaylera, S., and Priesack, E.: Assessment of water balance simulations for large-scale weighing lysimeters. J. Hydrol., 335(3–4), 259–270, 2007. Milly, P. C. D.: Climate, soil, water storage, and the average annual water balance, Water Resour. Res., 30(7), 2143–2156, 1994. Möller, M., Stanhill, G. Hydrological impacts of changes in evapotranspiration and precipitation: two case studies in semi-arid and humid climates, Hydrol. Sci. J., 5(6), 1216–1231, 2007. Montaldo, N., Albertson, J. D., and Mancini, M.: The effect of background hydrometeorological conditions on the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to model parameters: Analysis with measurements from an Italian alpine catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 7(6), 860, 2003. Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment (Publ.): The state and movement of water in living organisms, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, Cambridge University Press, 205–234, 1965. Penman, H. L.: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil, and grass, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 193, 120–146, 1948. Rapp, J. Regionale Klimatrends in Deutschland im 20. Jahrhundert. Climatic Status Report 2001, German Meteorological Service, 176–183, 2001. Sahin, A. D.: Statistical analysis of the Angström formula coefficients and application for Turkey, J. Sol. Energy, 62(1), 29–38, 1998. Salihi, O. O. A.: Potentielle Verdunstung eines Buchen- und Fichtenwaldes auf der Basis von Daten des Deutschen Wetterdienstes als Parameter der aktuellen Evapotranspiration, Dissertation, Faculty of Forestry, University Göttingen, 38–61, 12–17, 1984. Scanlon, B. R., Levitt, D. G., Reedy, R. C., Keese, K. E., and Sully, M. J.: Ecological controls on water-cycle response to climate variability in deserts, PNAS, 102(17), 6033–6038, 2005. Schroeder, M.: Die wägbare Lysimeteranlage Senne. Scientific series of the National Board of Water and Waste Management North Rhine-Westphalia Münster, 34, 1973. Schroeder, M.: Erste Ergebnisse der Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold bei Rheine, Scientific series of the National Board of Water and Waste Management North Rhine-Westphalia, 65(11), 1975. Schroeder, M.: Neue Werte zur Grundwasserneubildung unter Wald für das Münsterland, German Memorandum of Hydrology, 27(4), 1983. Schroeder, M.: Die Interzeptionsmessungen an der Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold, German Memorandum of Hydrology, 28(5–6), 1984. Schroeder, M. Jahreswerte der Waldverdunstung und ihrer Teilgrößen an der Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold, German Memorandum of Hydrology, 31(1), 1987. Schroeder, M.: 15 Jahre Messungen an der Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold. Scientific series of the National Board of Water and Waste Management North Rhine-Westphalia, 44, 1988. Schroeder, M.: Interzeptionsmessungen an der Großlysimeter-Anlage St Arnold in den Jahren 1984 bis 1987 und die Extrapolation der Messwerte mit Hilfe eines Rechenmodells, German Memorandum of Hydrology, 33(2), 1989. Schroeder, M.: Verdunstung von Land- und Wasserflächen in St Arnold bei Rheine in den Jahren 1980–1987, German Memorandum of Hydrology, 34(4), 1990. Schroeder, M. Messergebnisse der Jahre 1979 bis 1985 an der wägbaren Lysimeteranlage Senne. Scientific series of the National Board of Water and Waste Management North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, 48, 11–19, 1991. Schroeder, M.: 25 Jahre Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold. Office for the Environment Münster, 1–11, 13–15, 19–21, 28, 1992. Sevruk, B.: Methodische Untersuchungen des systematischen Messfehlers der Hellmann-Regenmesser im Sommerhalbjahr in der Schweiz, Memorandum of Hydraulic Engineering, Hydrol. Glaciol., 52, Zürich, 1981. Steiner, J. L., Howell, T. A., and Schneider, A. D.: Lysimetric evaluation of daily potential evapotranspiration models for grain sorghum. Agronomy J., 83, 240–247, 1991. Stephenson, N. L.: Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance, The American Naturalist, 135, 649, 1990. Van Bavel, C. H. M.: Lysimetric measurements of evapotranspiration rates in the eastern U.S., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 25, 138–141, 1961. Vesala, T., Hämeria, K., and Ahonena, T.: Experimental and numerical analysis of stomatal absorption of sulphur dioxide and transpiration by pine needles, J. Atmos. Environ., 29, 825–836, 1995. Weischet, W. Einführung in die allgemeine Klimatologie, 6th edition, Gebrüder Borntraeger publishing house, Stuttgart, 150–167, 101–109, 2002. Weritz, F. "In Münster regnet's\ldots" – Häufigkeitsverteilung des Niederschlags in Münster im bundesweiten Vergleich, Thesis, University Münster. 32–40, 2007. Werner, J.: Die Erprobung einer vereinfachten energetischen Verdunstungs-Bestimmungsmethode an den Waldbeständen der Großlysimeteranlage St Arnold bei Rheine 1981/82. Scientific series of the National Board of Water and Waste Management North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, 40, 17–25, 1985. Wesseling, B., Feddes, J. G., and Belmans, C.: Soil Acidification and Solute Budgets for Forested Lysimeters in Nordrhein-Westfalen, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 154(3), 1991. Yang, J., Li, B., and Liu, S.: A large weighing lysimeter for evapotranspiration and soil water-groundwater exchange studies, Hydrol. Proc., 14, 1887–1897, 2000. Zenker, T.:~Verdunstungswiderstände~und~\mboxGras-Referenzverdunstung – Lysimeteruntersuchungen zum Penman-Monteith-Ansatz im Berliner Raum. Dissertation, Faculty of Architecture, Environment and Society, TU Berlin, 56–74, 20–28, 2003. \mboxZirlewagen,~D.:~Transpiration, Bodensaugspannung und Versickerung – entscheidende Kenngrößen für den Wasserhaushalt von drei typischen Waldbeständen. Report on the ecological state of the forest, Interra, Konzingen. 30–33, 2002. Zmarsly, E., Kuttler, W., and Pethe, H.: Meteorologisch-klimatologisches Grundwissen, 2nd edition, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 131–134, 72, 2002.