Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2469-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2469-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 May 2015
Research article |
| 26 May 2015
Shallow groundwater thermal sensitivity to climate change and land cover disturbances: derivation of analytical expressions and implications for stream temperature modeling
University of New Brunswick, Department of Civil Engineering and Canadian Rivers Institute, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
now at: University of Calgary, Department of Geoscience, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
K. T. B. MacQuarrie
University of New Brunswick, Department of Civil Engineering and Canadian Rivers Institute, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
D. Caissie
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
J. M. McKenzie
McGill University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Related authors
Jason J. KarisAllen, Aaron A. Mohammed, Joseph J. Tamborski, Rob C. Jamieson, Serban Danielescu, and Barret L. Kurylyk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4721–4740, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used a combination of aerial, thermal, hydrologic, and radionuclide monitoring to investigate intertidal springs flowing into a coastal lagoon with a threatened ecosystem. Field data highlight the critical hydrologic and thermal role of these springs in the nearshore zone, and modelling results reveal that the groundwater springs will likely warm substantially in the coming decades due to climate change. Springs sourced from shallower zones in the aquifer will warm first.
Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Barret L. Kurylyk, Michelle A. Walvoord, Victor F. Bense, Daniel Fortier, Christopher Spence, and Christophe Grenier
The Cryosphere, 15, 479–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is an underappreciated catalyst of environmental change in a warming Arctic. We provide evidence of how changing groundwater systems underpin surface changes in the north, and we argue for research and inclusion of cryohydrogeology, the study of groundwater in cold regions.
K. Menberg, P. Blum, B. L. Kurylyk, and P. Bayer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4453–4466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, 2014
B. L. Kurylyk, C. P.-A. Bourque, and K. T. B. MacQuarrie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2701–2716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013, 2013
Jason J. KarisAllen, Aaron A. Mohammed, Joseph J. Tamborski, Rob C. Jamieson, Serban Danielescu, and Barret L. Kurylyk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4721–4740, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used a combination of aerial, thermal, hydrologic, and radionuclide monitoring to investigate intertidal springs flowing into a coastal lagoon with a threatened ecosystem. Field data highlight the critical hydrologic and thermal role of these springs in the nearshore zone, and modelling results reveal that the groundwater springs will likely warm substantially in the coming decades due to climate change. Springs sourced from shallower zones in the aquifer will warm first.
Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Barret L. Kurylyk, Michelle A. Walvoord, Victor F. Bense, Daniel Fortier, Christopher Spence, and Christophe Grenier
The Cryosphere, 15, 479–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is an underappreciated catalyst of environmental change in a warming Arctic. We provide evidence of how changing groundwater systems underpin surface changes in the north, and we argue for research and inclusion of cryohydrogeology, the study of groundwater in cold regions.
K. Menberg, P. Blum, B. L. Kurylyk, and P. Bayer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4453–4466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, 2014
B. L. Kurylyk, C. P.-A. Bourque, and K. T. B. MacQuarrie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2701–2716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Groundwater hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
Towards a hydrogeomorphological understanding of proglacial catchments: an assessment of groundwater storage and release in an Alpine catchment
Effect of topographic slope on the export of nitrate in humid catchments: a 3D model study
Transit Time index (TTi) as an adaptation of the humification index to illustrate transit time differences in karst hydrosystems: application to the karst springs of the Fontaine de Vaucluse system (southeastern France)
In situ estimation of subsurface hydro-geomechanical properties using the groundwater response to semi-diurnal Earth and atmospheric tides
The Thiem team – Adolf and Günther Thiem, two forefathers of hydrogeology
Effects of aquifer geometry on seawater intrusion in annulus segment island aquifers
Depth to water table correction for initial carbon-14 activities in groundwater mean residence time estimation
Preferential pathways for fluid and solutes in heterogeneous groundwater systems: self-organization, entropy, work
Statistical characterization of environmental hot spots and hot moments and applications in groundwater hydrology
Technical note: Disentangling the groundwater response to Earth and atmospheric tides to improve subsurface characterisation
Flowing wells: terminology, history and role in the evolution of groundwater science
Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts
New model of reactive transport in a single-well push–pull test with aquitard effect and wellbore storage
HESS Opinions: The myth of groundwater sustainability in Asia
Groundwater salinity variation in Upazila Assasuni (southwestern Bangladesh), as steered by surface clay layer thickness, relative elevation and present-day land use
Changes in groundwater drought associated with anthropogenic warming
Application of environmental tracers for investigation of groundwater mean residence time and aquifer recharge in fault-influenced hydraulic drop alluvium aquifers
HESS Opinions: Linking Darcy's equation to the linear reservoir
Effects of microarrangement of solid particles on PCE migration and its remediation in porous media
Hydrological connectivity from glaciers to rivers in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: roles of suprapermafrost and subpermafrost groundwater
Temporal variations of groundwater tables and implications for submarine groundwater discharge: a 3-decade case study in central Japan
Consequences and mitigation of saltwater intrusion induced by short-circuiting during aquifer storage and recovery in a coastal subsurface
Understanding groundwater – students' pre-conceptions and conceptual change by means of a theory-guided multimedia learning program
The referential grain size and effective porosity in the Kozeny–Carman model
Approximate analysis of three-dimensional groundwater flow toward a radial collector well in a finite-extent unconfined aquifer
Technical Note: The use of an interrupted-flow centrifugation method to characterise preferential flow in low permeability media
Confronting the vicinity of the surface water and sea shore in a shallow glaciogenic aquifer in southern Finland
Residence times and mixing of water in river banks: implications for recharge and groundwater–surface water exchange
Using 14C and 3H to understand groundwater flow and recharge in an aquifer window
Hydrogeology of an Alpine rockfall aquifer system and its role in flood attenuation and maintaining baseflow
Mobilisation or dilution? Nitrate response of karst springs to high rainfall events
Transferring the concept of minimum energy dissipation from river networks to subsurface flow patterns
Spectral induced polarization measurements for predicting the hydraulic conductivity in sandy aquifers
Transient analysis of fluctuations of electrical conductivity as tracer in the stream bed
Teaching hydrogeology: a review of current practice
Transient flow between aquifers and surface water: analytically derived field-scale hydraulic heads and fluxes
Influence of initial heterogeneities and recharge limitations on the evolution of aperture distributions in carbonate aquifers
Impact of climate change on groundwater point discharge: backflooding of karstic springs (Loiret, France)
Stream depletion rate with horizontal or slanted wells in confined aquifers near a stream
Tidal propagation in an oceanic island with sloping beaches
Tom Müller, Stuart N. Lane, and Bettina Schaefli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6029–6054, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research provides a comprehensive analysis of groundwater storage in Alpine glacier forefields, a zone rapidly evolving with glacier retreat. Based on data analysis of a case study, it provides a simple perceptual model showing where and how groundwater is stored and released in a high Alpine environment. It especially points out the presence of groundwater storages in both fluvial and bedrock aquifers, which may become more important with future glacier retreat.
Jie Yang, Qiaoyu Wang, Ingo Heidbüchel, Chunhui Lu, Yueqing Xie, Andreas Musolff, and Jan H. Fleckenstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5051–5068, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the effect of catchment topographic slopes on the nitrate export dynamics in terms of the nitrogen mass fluxes and concentration level using a coupled surface–subsurface model. We found that flatter landscapes tend to retain more nitrogen mass in the soil and export less nitrogen mass to the stream, explained by the reduced leaching and increased potential of degradation in flat landscapes. We emphasized that stream water quality is potentially less vulnerable in flatter landscapes.
Leïla Serène, Christelle Batiot-Guilhe, Naomi Mazzilli, Christophe Emblanch, Milanka Babic, Julien Dupont, Roland Simler, Matthieu Blanc, and Gérard Massonnat
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5035–5049, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to develop the Transit Time index (TTi) as a natural tracer of karst groundwater transit time, usable in the 0–6-month range. Based on the fluorescence of organic matter, TTi shows its relevance to detect a small proportion of fast infiltration water within a mix, while other natural transit time tracers provide no or less sensitive information. Comparison of the average TTi of different karst springs also provides consistent results with the expected relative transit times.
Gabriel C. Rau, Timothy C. McMillan, Martin S. Andersen, and Wendy A. Timms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4301–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work develops and applies a new method to estimate hydraulic and geomechanical subsurface properties in situ using standard groundwater and atmospheric pressure records. The estimated properties comply with expected values except for the Poisson ratio, which we attribute to the investigated scale and conditions. Our new approach can be used to cost-effectively investigate the subsurface using standard monitoring datasets.
Georg J. Houben and Okke Batelaan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4055–4091, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Unbeknown to most hydrologists, many methods used in groundwater hydrology today go back to work by Adolf and Günther Thiem. Their work goes beyond the Dupuit–Thiem analytical model for pump tests mentioned in many textbooks. It includes, e.g., the development and improvement of isopotential maps, tracer tests, and vertical well constructions. Extensive literature and archive research has been conducted to identify how and where the Thiems developed their methods and how they spread.
Zhaoyang Luo, Jun Kong, Chengji Shen, Pei Xin, Chunhui Lu, Ling Li, and David Andrew Barry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6591–6602, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6591-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6591-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Analytical solutions are derived for steady-state seawater intrusion in annulus segment aquifers. These analytical solutions are validated by comparing their predictions with experimental data. We find seawater intrusion is the most extensive in divergent aquifers, and the opposite is the case for convergent aquifers. The analytical solutions facilitate engineers and hydrologists in evaluating seawater intrusion more efficiently in annulus segment aquifers with a complex geometry.
Dylan J. Irvine, Cameron Wood, Ian Cartwright, and Tanya Oliver
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5415–5424, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5415-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5415-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is widely assumed that 14C is in contact with the atmosphere until recharging water reaches the water table. Unsaturated zone (UZ) studies have shown that 14C decreases with depth below the land surface. We produce a relationship between UZ 14C and depth to the water table to estimate input 14C activities for groundwater age estimation. Application of the new relationship shows that it is important for UZ processes to be considered in groundwater mean residence time estimation.
Erwin Zehe, Ralf Loritz, Yaniv Edery, and Brian Berkowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5337–5353, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses the concepts of entropy and work to quantify and explain the emergence of preferential flow and transport in heterogeneous saturated porous media. We found that the downstream concentration of solutes in preferential pathways implies a downstream declining entropy in the transverse distribution of solute transport pathways. Preferential flow patterns with lower entropies emerged within media of higher heterogeneity – a stronger self-organization despite a higher randomness.
Jiancong Chen, Bhavna Arora, Alberto Bellin, and Yoram Rubin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4127–4146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a stochastic framework with indicator random variables to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of environmental hot spots and hot moments (HSHMs) that represent rare locations and events exerting a disproportionate influence over the environment. HSHMs are characterized by static and dynamic indicators. This framework is advantageous as it allows us to calculate the uncertainty associated with HSHMs based on uncertainty associated with its contributors.
Gabriel C. Rau, Mark O. Cuthbert, R. Ian Acworth, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6033–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides an important generalisation of a previously developed method that quantifies subsurface barometric efficiency using the groundwater level response to Earth and atmospheric tides. The new approach additionally allows the quantification of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage. This enables improved and rapid assessment of subsurface processes and properties using standard pressure measurements.
Xiao-Wei Jiang, John Cherry, and Li Wan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6001–6019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6001-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6001-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The gushing of water from flowing wells is a natural phenomenon of interest to the public. This review demonstrates that this spectacular phenomenon also instigated the science of groundwater and can be considered a root of groundwater hydrology. Observations of flowing wells not only led to the foundation of many principles of traditional groundwater hydrology but also played a vital role in the paradigm shift from aquitard-bound flow to cross-formational flow driven by topography.
Doris E. Wendt, Anne F. Van Loon, John P. Bloomfield, and David M. Hannah
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4853–4868, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater use changes the availability of groundwater, especially during droughts. This study investigates the impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts. A methodological framework is presented that was developed and applied to the UK. We identified an asymmetric impact of groundwater use on droughts, which highlights the relation between short-term and long-term strategies for sustainable groundwater use.
Quanrong Wang, Junxia Wang, Hongbin Zhan, and Wenguang Shi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3983–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3983-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3983-2020, 2020
Franklin W. Schwartz, Ganming Liu, and Zhongbo Yu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 489–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-489-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We are concerned about the sad state of affairs around groundwater in the developing countries of Asia and the obvious implications for sustainability. Groundwater production for irrigated agriculture has led to water-level declines that continue to worsen. Yet in the most populous countries, China, India, Pakistan, and Iran, there are only token efforts towards evidence-based sustainable management. It is unrealistic to expect evidence-based groundwater sustainability to develop any time soon.
Floris Loys Naus, Paul Schot, Koos Groen, Kazi Matin Ahmed, and Jasper Griffioen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1431–1451, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1431-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1431-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we postulate a possible evolution of the groundwater salinity around a village in southwestern Bangladesh, based on high-density fieldwork. We identified that the thickness of the surface clay layer, the surface elevation and the present-day land use determine whether fresh or saline groundwater has formed. The outcomes show how the large groundwater salinity variation in southwestern Bangladesh can be understood, which is valuable for the water management in the region.
John P. Bloomfield, Benjamin P. Marchant, and Andrew A. McKenzie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1393–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1393-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1393-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is susceptible to drought due to natural variations in climate; however, to date there is no evidence of a relationship between climate change and groundwater drought. Using two long groundwater level records from the UK, we document increases in frequency, magnitude and intensity and changes in duration of groundwater drought associated with climate warming and infer that, given the extent of shallow groundwater globally, warming may widely effect changes to groundwater droughts.
Bin Ma, Menggui Jin, Xing Liang, and Jing Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 427–446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-427-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-427-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater supplies the most freshwater for industrial and agricultural production and domestic use in the arid northwest of China. This research uses environmental tracers to enhance one's understanding of groundwater, including aquifer recharge sources and groundwater mean residence times in the alluvium aquifers. The results provide valuable implications for groundwater resources regulation and sustainable development and have practical significance for other arid areas.
Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1911–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1911-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1911-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides the connection between two simple equations describing groundwater flow at different scales: the Darcy equation describes groundwater flow at pore scale, the linear reservoir equation at catchment scale. The connection between the two appears to be very simple. The two parameters of the equations are proportional, depending on the porosity of the subsoil and the resistance for the groundwater to enter the surface drainage network.
Ming Wu, Jianfeng Wu, Jichun Wu, and Bill X. Hu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1001–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1001-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1001-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fractal models of regular triangle arrangement (RTA) and square pitch arrangement (SPA) are developed in this study. Results suggest RTA can cause more groundwater contamination and make remediation more difficult. In contrast, the cleanup of contaminants in aquifers with SPA is easier. This study demonstrates how microscale arrangements control contaminant migration and remediation, which is helpful in designing successful remediation schemes for subsurface contamination.
Rui Ma, Ziyong Sun, Yalu Hu, Qixin Chang, Shuo Wang, Wenle Xing, and Mengyan Ge
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4803–4823, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4803-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4803-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The roles of groundwater flow in the hydrological cycle within the alpine area characterized by permafrost or seasonal frost are poorly known. We investigated the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow and hydrological connections between glaciers and river. The recharge, flow path and discharge of permafrost groundwater at the study site were explored. Two mechanisms were proposed to explain the significantly seasonal variation in interaction between groundwater and surface water.
Bing Zhang, Jing Zhang, and Takafumi Yoshida
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3417–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Since groundwater is the linkage between climate changes and fresh submarine groundwater discharge, the variations of and relationships among monthly groundwater table, rainfall, snowfall, and climate change events from 1985 to 2015 were analyzed by wavelet coherence to discuss the implications for climate changes. The results show the increase in precipitation and the groundwater table, indicating that fresh submarine groundwater discharge flux may increase under climate change.
Koen Gerardus Zuurbier and Pieter Jan Stuyfzand
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1173–1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1173-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1173-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface is increasingly perforated for exploitation of water and energy. This has increased the risk of leakage between originally separated aquifers. It is shown how this leakage can have a very negative impact on the recovery of freshwater during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in brackish-saline aquifers. Deep interception of intruding brackish-saline water can mitigate the negative effects and buoyancy of freshwater to some extent, but not completely.
Ulrike Unterbruner, Sylke Hilberg, and Iris Schiffl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2251–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2251-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2251-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Studies show that young people have difficulties with correctly understanding groundwater. We designed a multimedia learning program about groundwater and tested its learning efficacy with pupils and teacher-training students. A novelty is the theory-guided designing of the program on the basis of hydrogeology and science education. The pupils and students greatly benefited from working through the multimedia learning program.
Kosta Urumović and Kosta Urumović Sr.
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1669–1680, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1669-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1669-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Calculation of hydraulic conductivity of porous materials is crucial for further use in hydrogeological modeling. The Kozeny–Carman model is theoretically impeccable but has not been properly used in recent scientific and expert literature. In this paper, proper use of the Kozeny-Carman formula is given through presentation of geometric mean grain size in the drilled-core sample as the referential mean grain size. Also, procedures for identification of real effective porosity of porous media are presented.
C.-S. Huang, J.-J. Chen, and H.-D. Yeh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 55–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-55-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-55-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Existing solutions for the problem of pumping at a radial collector well (RCW) in unconfined aquifers either require laborious calculation or predict divergent results at a middle period of pumping. This study relaxes the above two limitations to develop a new analytical solution for the problem. The application of the solution is convenient for those who are not familiar with numerical methods. New findings regarding the responses of flow to pumping at RCW are addressed.
R. A. Crane, M. O. Cuthbert, and W. Timms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3991–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3991-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3991-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present an interrupted-flow centrifugation technique to characterise the vertical hydraulic properties of dual porosity, low permeability media. Use of large core samples (100mm diameter) enables hydraulic-conductivity-scale issues in dual porosity media to be overcome. Elevated centrifugal force also enables simulating in situ total stress conditions. The methodology is an important tool to assess the ability of dual porosity aquitards to protect underlying aquifer systems.
S. Luoma, J. Okkonen, K. Korkka-Niemi, N. Hendriksson, and B. Backman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1353–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1353-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1353-2015, 2015
N. P. Unland, I. Cartwright, D. I. Cendón, and R. Chisari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5109–5124, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5109-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5109-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Periodic flooding of rivers should result in increased groundwater recharge near rivers and thus - younger and fresher groundwater near rivers. This study found the age and salinity of shallow groundwater to increase with proximity to the Tambo River in South East Australia. This appears to be due to the upwelling of older, regional groundwater closer the river. Other chemical parameters are consistent with this. This is a process that may be occurring in other similar river systems.
A. P. Atkinson, I. Cartwright, B. S. Gilfedder, D. I. Cendón, N. P. Unland, and H. Hofmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4951–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4951-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4951-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This research article uses of radiogenic isotopes, stable isotopes and groundwater geochemistry to study groundwater age and recharge processes in the Gellibrand Valley, a relatively unstudied catchment and potential groundwater resource. The valley is found to contain both "old", regionally recharged groundwater (300-10,000 years) in the near-river environment, and modern groundwater (0-100 years old) further back on the floodplain. There is no recharge of the groundwater by high river flows.
U. Lauber, P. Kotyla, D. Morche, and N. Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4437–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4437-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4437-2014, 2014
M. Huebsch, O. Fenton, B. Horan, D. Hennessy, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, N. Goldscheider, C. Butscher, and P. Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4423–4435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4423-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4423-2014, 2014
S. Hergarten, G. Winkler, and S. Birk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4277–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4277-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4277-2014, 2014
M. Attwa and T. Günther
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4079–4094, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4079-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4079-2013, 2013
C. Schmidt, A. Musolff, N. Trauth, M. Vieweg, and J. H. Fleckenstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3689–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3689-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3689-2012, 2012
T. Gleeson, D. M. Allen, and G. Ferguson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2159–2168, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2159-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2159-2012, 2012
G. H. de Rooij
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 649–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-649-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-649-2012, 2012
B. Hubinger and S. Birk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3715–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3715-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3715-2011, 2011
E. Joigneaux, P. Albéric, H. Pauwels, C. Pagé, L. Terray, and A. Bruand
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2459–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2459-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2459-2011, 2011
P.-R. Tsou, Z.-Y. Feng, H.-D. Yeh, and C.-S. Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1477–1485, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1477-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1477-2010, 2010
Y.-C. Chang, D.-S. Jeng, and H.-D. Yeh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1341–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1341-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1341-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Alexander, M. D.: The thermal regime of shallow groundwater in a clearcut and forested streamside buffer, PhD Dissertation, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada, 436 pp., 2006.
Allan, J. D. and Castillo, M. M.: Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters, 2nd Edn., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2007.
Anderson, M.: Heat as a ground water tracer, Ground Water, 43, 951–968, 2005.
Arismendi, M., Safeeq, M., Dunham, J. B., and Johnson, S. L.: Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 084015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084015, 2014.
Bal, G., Rivot, E., Bagliniére, J.-L., White, J., and Prévost, E.: A hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify uncertainty of stream water temperature forecasts, PLoS ONE, 9, e115659, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115659, 2014.
Bonan, G.: Ecological climatology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008.
Brown, G. W. and Krygier, J. T.: Effects of clear-cutting on stream temperature, Water Resour. Res., 6, 1133–1139, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i004p01133, 1970.
Brown, L. E. and Hannah, D. M.: Spatial heterogeneity of water temperature across an alpine river basin, Hydrol. Process., 7, 954–967, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6982, 2008.
Burn, C. R.: The response (1958–1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperatures to forest fire, Takhini River valley, southern Yukon Territory, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 184–199, https://doi.org/10.1139/e97-105, 1998.
Caissie, D.: The thermal regime of rivers: a review, Freshwat. Biol., 51, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01597.x, 2006.
Caissie, D., Kurylyk, B. L., St-Hilaire, A., El-Jabi, N., and MacQuarrie, K. T. B.: Stream temperature dynamics and streambed heat fluxes in streams experiencing seasonal ice cover, J. Hydrol., 519, 1441–1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.034, 2014.
Caldwell, R. R., Eddy-Miller, C., Barlow, J. R. B., Wheeler, J., and Constantz, J.: Increased understanding of watershed dynamics through the addition of stream and groundwater temperature monitoring at USGS groundwater streamgages, Paper No. 194-3, Geological Society of America Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, 2014.
Caldwell, P., Segura, C., Laird, S. G., Ge, S., McNulty, S. G., Sandercock, M., Boggs, J., and Vose, J. M.: Short-term stream water temperature observations permit rapid assessment of potential climate change impacts, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2196–2211, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10358, 2015.
Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C.: Conduction of heat in solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959.
Chen, C. H., Wang, C. H., Chen, D. L., Sun, Y. K., Lui, J. Y., Yeh, T. K., Yen, H. Y., and Chang, S. H.: Comparisons between air and subsurface temperatures in Taiwan for the past century: a global warming perspective, in: Groundwater and Subsurface Environments: Human Impacts in Asian Coastal Cities, Ch. 10, edited by: Taniguchi, M., Springer, Tokyo, Japan, 187–200, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53904-9_10, 2011.
Constantz, J.: Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in Alpine streams, Water Resour. Res., 34, 1609–1615, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00998, 1998.
Crosbie, R. S., Dawes, W. R., Charles, S. P., Mpelasoka, F. S., Aryal, S., Barron, O., and Summerell, G. K.: Differences in future recharge estimates due to GCMs, downscaling methods and hydrological models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047657, 2011.
Cunjak, R. A., Linnansaari, T., and Caissie, D.: The complex interaction of ecology and hydrology in a small catchment: a salmon's perspective, Hydrol. Process., 27, 741–749, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9640, 2013.
Döll, P. and Fiedler, K.: Global-scale modeling of groundwater recharge, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 863–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-863-2008, 2008.
Domenico, P. A. and Schwartz, F. W.: Physical and chemical hydrogeology, Wiley, New York, 1990.
Ebersole, J. L., Liss, W. J., and Frissell, C. A.: Cold water patches in warm streams: physicochemical characteristics and the influence of shading, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 39, 355–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04390.x, 2003.
Elliott, J. M. and Elliott, J. A.: Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: predicting the effects of climate change, J. Fish Biol., 77, 1793–1817, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02762.x, 2010.
Fan, Y., Li, H., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Global patterns of groundwater table depth, Science, 339, 940–943, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229881, 2013.
Farouki, O. T.: The thermal properties of soils in cold regions, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 5, 67–75, 1981.
Ferguson, G. and Bense, V.: Uncertainty in 1D heat-flow analysis to estimate groundwater discharge to a stream, Ground Water, 49, 336–347, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00735.x, 2011.
Ferguson, G. and Woodbury, A. D.: The effects of climatic variability on estimates of recharge from temperature profiles, Ground Water, 43, 837–842, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00088.x, 2005.
Figura, S., Livingstone, D. M., Hoehn, E., and Kipfer, R.: Regime shift in groundwater temperature triggered by Arctic oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049749, 2011.
Figura, S., Livingstone, D. M., and Kipfer, R.: Forecasting groundwater temperature with linear regression models using historical data, Groundwater, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12289, in press, 2014.
Garner, G., Hannah, D. M., Sadler, J. P., and Orr, H. G.: River temperature regimes of England and Wales: spatial patterns, inter-annual variability and climate sensitivity, Hydrol. Process., 28, 5583–5598, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9992, 2014.
Gelhar, L. W. and Wilson, J. L.: Ground-water quality modeling, Ground Water, 12, 399–408, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03050.x, 1974.
Gordon, R. P., Lautz, L. K., Briggs, M. A., and McKenzie J. M.: Automated calculation of vertical pore-water flux from field temperature time series using the VFLUX method and computer program, J. Hydol., 420–421, 142–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.053, 2012.
Gu, C., Anderson, W. P., Colby, J. D., and Coffey, C. L.: Air-stream temperature correlation in forested and urban headwater streams in the Southern Appalachians, Hydrol. Process., 29, 1110–1118, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10225, 2015.
Guenther, S. M., Gomi, T., and Moore, R. D.: Stream and bed temperature variability in a coastal headwater catchment: influences of surface-subsurface interactions and partial-retention forest harvesting, Hydrol. Process., 28, 1238–1249, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9673, 2014.
Gunawardhana, L. N. and Kazama, S.: Climate change impacts on groundwater temperature change in the Sendai plain, Japan, Hydrol. Process., 25, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8008, 2011.
Gunawardhana, L. N. and Kazama, S.: Statistical and numerical analyses of the influence of climate variability on aquifer water levels and groundwater temperatures: The impacts of climate change on aquifer thermal regimes, Global Planet. Change, 86–87, 66–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.02.006, 2012.
Hannah, D. M. and Garner, G.: River water temperature in the United Kingdom: Changes over the 20th century and possible changes over the 21$^st$ century, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 39, 68–92, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133314550669, 2015.
Hannah, D. M., Malcolm, I. A., Soulsby, C., and Youngson, A. F.: Heat exchanges and temperatures within a salmon spawning stream in the Cairngorms, Scotland: seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics, River Res. Appl., 20, 635–652, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.771, 2004.
Hatch, C. E., Fisher, A. T., Revenaugh, J. S., Constantz, J., and Ruehl, C.: Quantifying surface water-groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development, Water Resour. Res., 42, W10410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004787, 2006.
Hayashi, M. and Farrow, C. W.: Watershed-scale response of groundwater recharge to inter-annual and inter-decadal variability in precipitation (Alberta, Canada), Hydrogeol. J., 22, 1825–1839, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1176-3, 2014.
Healy, R. W.: Estimating groundwater recharge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2010.
Henriksen, A. and Kirkhusmo, L. A.: Effects of clear-cutting of forest on the chemistry of a shallow groundwater aquifer in southern Norway, Hydrol. Earth. Syst. Sci., 4, 323–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-323-2000, 2000.
Hilderbrand, R. H., Kashiwagi, M. T., and Prochaska, A. P.: Regional and local scale modeling of stream temperatures and spatio-temporal variation in thermal sensitivities, Environ. Manage., 54, 14–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0272-4, 2014.
Hitt, N. P.: Immediate effects of wildfire on stream temperature, J. Freshwater Ecol., 18, 171–173, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2003.9663964, 2003.
Hoehn, E. and Cirpka, O. A.: Assessing residence times of hyporheic ground water in two alluvial flood plains of the Southern Alps using water temperature and tracers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 553–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-553-2006, 2006.
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: AR4 Multi-Model Average of Detrended Globally Averaged TAS Anomalies, available at: http://www.ipcc-data.org/data/ar4 multimodel_globalmean tas.txt (last access: 1 September 2014), 2007.
Isaak, D. J., Luce, C. H., Rieman, B. E., Nagel, D. E., Peterson, E. E., Horan, D. L., Parkes, S., and Chandler, G. L.: Effects of climate change and wildfire on stream temperatures and salmonid thermal habitat in a mountain river network, Ecol. Appl., 20, 1350–1371, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0822.1, 2010.
Isaak, D. J., Wollrab, S., Horan, D., and Chandler, G.: Climate change effects on stream and river temperatures across the northwest US from 1980–2009 and implications for salmonid fishes, Climatic Change, 113, 499–524, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0326-z, 2012.
Janisch, J. E., Wondzell, S. M., and Ehinger, W. J.: Headwater stream temperature: Interpreting response after logging, with and without riparian buffers, Washington, USA, Forest Ecol. Manage., 270, 302–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.035, 2012.
Johnson, M. F., Wilby, R. L., and Toone, J. A.: Inferring air-water temperature relationships from river and catchment properties, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2912–2928, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9842, 2014.
Johnson, S. L.: Stream temperature: scaling of observations and issues for modeling, Hydrol. Process., 17, 497–499, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5091, 2003.
Jungqvist, G., Oni, S. K., Teutschbein, C., and Futter, M. N.: Effect of climate change on soil temperature in Swedish boreal forests, PloS One, 9, e93957, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093957, 2014.
Kanno, Y., Vokoun, J. C., and Letcher, B. H.: Paired stream-air temperature measurements reveal fine-scale thermal heterogeneity within headwater brook trout stream networks, River Res. Appl., 30, 745–755, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2677, 2014.
Kelleher, C., Wagener, T., Gooseff, M., McGlynn, B., McGuire, K., and Marshall, L.: Investigating controls on the thermal sensitivity of Pennsylvania streams, Hydrol. Process., 26, 771–785, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8186, 2012.
Kurylyk, B. L. and MacQuarrie, K. T. B.: The uncertainty associated with estimating future groundwater recharge: A summary of recent research and an example from a small unconfined aquifer in a northern humid-continental climate, J. Hydrol., 492, 244–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.043, 2013.
Kurylyk, B. L. and MacQuarrie, K. T. B.: A new analytical solution for assessing climate change impacts on subsurface temperature, Hydrol. Process., 28, 3161–3172, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9861, 2014.
Kurylyk, B. L., Bourque, C. P. A., and MacQuarrie, K. T. B.: Potential surface temperature and shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change: an example from a small forested catchment in east-central New Brunswick (Canada), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2701–2716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013, 2013.
Kurylyk, B. L., MacQuarrie, K. T. B., and Voss, C. I.: Climate change impacts on the temperature and magnitude of groundwater discharge from shallow, unconfined aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 50, 3253–3274, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014588, 2014a.
Kurylyk, B. L., MacQuarrie, K. T. B., and McKenzie, J. M.: Climate change impacts on groundwater and soil temperature in cold and temperate regions: Implications, mathematical theory, and emerging simulation tools, Earth-Sci. Rev., 138, 313–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.06.006, 2014b.
Kurylyk, B. L., MacQuarrie K. T. B., Linnansaari, T., Cunjak, R. A., and Curry, R. A.: Preserving, augmenting, and creating cold-water thermal refugia in rivers: concepts derived from research on the Miramichi River, New Brunswick (Canada), Ecohydrology, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1566, in press, 2015.
Lapham, W. W.: Use of temperature profiles beneath streams to determine rates of ground-water flow and vertical hydraulic conductivity, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2337, US Geological Survey, Denver, CO, 44 pp., 1989.
Lautz, L. K.: Impacts of nonideal field conditions on vertical water velocity estimates from streambed temperature time series, Water Resour. Res., 46, W01509, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007917, 2010.
Leach, J. A. and Moore, R. D.: Stream temperature dynamics in two hydrogeomorphically distinct reaches, Hydrol. Process., 25, 679–690, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7854, 2011.
Lesperance, M., Smerdon, J. E., and Beltrami, H.: Propagation of linear surface air temperature trends into the terrestrial subsurface, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D21115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014377, 2010.
Levison, J., Larocque, M., and Ouellet, M. A.: Modeling low-flow bedrock springs providing ecological habitats with climate change scenarios, J. Hydrol., 515, 16–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.042, 2014.
Lewis, T. J.: The effect of deforestation on ground surface temperatures, Global Planet. Change, 18, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(97)00011-8, 1998.
Lewis, T. J. and Wang, K. L.: Geothermal evidence for deforestation induced warming: Implications for the climatic impact of land development, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 535–538, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00181, 1998.
Liljedahl, A., Hinzman, L., Busey, R, and Yoshikawa, K.: Physical short-term changes after a tussock tundra fire, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F02S07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000554, 2007.
Luce, C. H., Tonina, D., Gariglio, F., and Applebee, R.: Solutions for the diurnally forced advection-diffusion equation to estimate bulk fluid velocity and diffusivity in streambeds from temperature time series, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012380, 2013.
Luce, C. H., Staab, B., Kramer, M., Wenger, S., Isaak, D., and McConnell, C.: Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability in the Pacific Northwest, Water Resour. Res., 50, 3428–3443, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014329, 2014.
Luhmann, A. J., Covington, M. D., Peters, A. J., Alexander, S. C., Anger, C. T., Green, J. A., Runkel, A. C., Alexander Jr., E. C.: Classification of thermal patterns at karst springs and cave streams, Ground Water, 49, 324–335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00737.x, 2011.
MacDonald, R. J., Boon, S., Byrne, J. M., Robinson, M. D., and Rasmussen, J. B.: Potential future climate effects on mountain hydrology, stream temperature, and native salmonid life history, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 71, 189–202, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0221, 2014.
Mann, M. E. and Schmidt, G. A.: Ground vs. surface air temperature trends. Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017170, 2003.
Markle, J. M. and Schincariol, R. A.: Thermal plume transport from sand and gravel pits – Potential thermal impacts on cool water streams, J. Hydrol., 338, 174–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.031, 2007.
Matheswaran, K., Blemmer, M., Thorn, P., Rosbjerg, D., and Boegh, E.: Investigation of stream temperature response to non-uniform groundwater discharge in a Danish lowland stream, River Res. Appl., https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2792, in press, 2014.
Mayer, T. D.: Controls of summer stream temperature in the Pacific Northwest, J. Hydrol., 475, 323–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.012, 2012.
Meisner, J. D., Rosenfeld, J. S., and Regier, H. A.: The role of groundwater in the impact of climate warming on stream salmonines, Fisheries, 13, 2–8, 1988.
Mellander, P., Lofvenius, M. O., and Laudon, H.: Climate change impact on snow and soil temperature in boreal Scots pine stands, Climatic Change, 89, 179–193, 2007.
Menberg, K., Blum, P., Kurylyk, B. L., and Bayer, P.: Observed groundwater temperature response to recent climate change, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4453–4466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, 2014.
Miyakoshi, A., Uchida, Y., Sakura, Y., and Hayashi, T.: Distribution of subsurface temperature in the Kanto Plain, Japan; estimation of regional groundwater flow system and surface warming, Phys. Chem. Earth, 28, 467–475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00066-4, 2003.
Mohseni, O. and Stefan, H. G.: Stream temperature air temperature relationship: a physical interpretation, J. Hydrol., 218, 128–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00034-7, 1999.
Monteith, J. and Unsworth, M.: Principles of environmental physics, Elsevier Science, Burlington, 2007.
Moore, R. D., Sutherland, P., Gomi, T., and Dhakal, A.: Thermal regime of a headwater stream within a clear-cut, coastal British Columbia, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 19, 2591–2608, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5733, 2005.
O'Driscoll, M. A. and DeWalle, D. R.: Stream-air temperature relations to classify stream-ground water interactions, J. Hydrol., 329, 140–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.010, 2006.
Ogata, A. and Banks, R. B.: A solution of the differential equation of longitudinal dispersion in porous media, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 411-A, US Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1961.
Oke, T. R.: Boundary layer climates, Methuen and Co., London, 1978.
Poole, G. C. and Berman, C. H.: An ecological perspective on in-stream temperature: natural heat dynamics and mechanisms of human-caused thermal degradation, Environ. Manage., 27, 787–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010188, 2001.
Rau, G. C., Andersen, M. S., McCallum, A. M., Roshan, H., and Acworth, I.: Heat as a tracer to quantify water flow in near-surface sediments, Earth-Sci. Rev., 129, 40–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.015, 2014.
Reiter, M.: Using precision temperature logs to estimate horizontal and vertical groundwater flow components, Water Resour. Res., 37, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900302, 2001.
Reiter, M.: Possible ambiguities in subsurface temperature logs: Consideration of ground-water flow and ground surface temperature change, Pure Appl. Geophys., 162, 343–355, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2604-4, 2005.
Rouse, W.: Microclimatic changes accompanying burning in subarctic lichen woodland, Arct. Alp. Res., 8, 357–376, https://doi.org/10.2307/1550439, 1976.
Scanlon, B. R., Healy, R. W., and Cook, P. G.: Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 18–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0176-2, 2002.
Snyder, C. D., Hitt, N. P., and Young, J. A.: Accounting for groundwater in stream fish thermal habitat responses to climate change, Ecol. Appl., https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1354.1, in press, 2015.
Snyder, D. T.: Estimated depth to ground water and configuration of the water table in the Portland, Oregon area, US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5059, USGS, Reston, Virginia, 2008.
Stallman, R. W.: Computation of ground-water velocity from temperature data, in: Methods of Collecting and Interpreting Ground-Water Data: Water Supply Paper 1544-H, edited by: Bentall, R., USGS, Reston, Virginia, 35–46, 1963.
Stallman, R. W.: Steady one-dimensional fluid flow in a semi-infinite porous medium with sinusoidal surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2821–2827, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i012p02821, 1965.
Steeves, M. D.: Pre- and post-harvest groundwater temperatures, and levels, in upland forest catchments in northern New Brunswick, MSc Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada, 222 pp., 2004.
St-Hilaire, A., Morin, G., El-Jabi, N., and Caissie, D.: Water temperature modelling in a small forested stream: implications of forest canopy and soil temperature, Can. J. Civil. Eng., 27, 1095–1108, https://doi.org/10.1139/l00-021, 2000.
Story, A., Moore, R. D., and Macdonald, J. S.: Stream temperatures in two shaded reaches below cutblocks and logging roads: downstream cooling linked to subsurface hydrology, Can. J. Forest. Res., 33, 1383–1396, https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-087, 2003.
Studinski, J., Hartman, K., Niles, J., and Keyser, P.: The effects of riparian forest disturbance on stream temperature, sedimentation, and morphology, Hydrobiologia, 686, 107–117, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1002-7, 2012.
Sutton, R. J., Deas, M. L., Tanaka, S. K., Soto, T., and Corum, R. A.: Salmonid observations at a Klamath River thermal refuge under various hydrological and meteorological conditions, River Res. Appl., 23, 775–785, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1026, 2007.
Suzuki, S.: Percolation measurements based on heat flow through soil with special reference to paddy fields, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 2883–2885, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i009p02883, 1960.
Tague, C., Farrell, M., Grant, G., Lewis, S., and Rey, S.: Hydrogeologic controls on summer stream temperatures in the McKenzie River basin, Oregon, Hydrol. Process., 21, 3288–3300, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6538, 2007.
Taniguchi, M.: Evaluation of vertical groundwater fluxes and thermal properties of aquifers based on transient temperature-depth profiles, Water Resour. Res., 29, 2021–2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00541, 1993.
Taniguchi, M., Williamson, D. R., and Peck, A. J.: Estimations of surface temperature and subsurface heat flux following forest removal in the south-west of Western Australia, Hydrol. Process., 12, 2205–2216, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19981030)12:13/14<2205::AID-HYP730>3.0.CO;2-E, 1998.
Taniguchi, M., Williamson, D. R., and Peck, A. J.: Disturbances of temperature-depth profiles due to surface climate change and subsurface water flow: 2. An effect of step increase in surface temperature caused by forest clearing in southwest western Australia, Water Resour. Res., 35, 1519–1529, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900010, 1999a.
Taniguchi, M., Shimada, J., Tanaka, T., Kayane, I., Sakura, Y., Shimano, Y., Dapaah-Siakwan, S., and Kawashima, S.: Disturbances of temperature-depth profiles due to surface climate change and subsurface water flow: 1. An effect of linear increase in surface temperature caused by global warming and urbanization in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan, Water Resour. Res., 35, 1507–1517, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900009, 1999b.
Taylor, C. A. and Stefan, H. G.: Shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change and urbanization, J. Hydrol., 375, 601–612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.009, 2009.
Trumbo, B. A., Nislow, K. H., Stallings, J., Hudy, M., Smith, E. P., Kim, D., Wiggins, B., and Dolloff, C. A.: Ranking site vulnerability to increasing temperatures in southern Appalachian brook trout streams in Virginia: An exposure-sensitivity approach, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 143, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.835282, 2014.
Uchida, Y. and Hayashi, T.: Effects of hydrogeological and climate change on the subsurface thermal regime in the Sendai Plain, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 152, 292–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2005.04.008, 2005.
USEPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency: Average temperature of shallow ground water map, available at: http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-two/onsite/ex/jne_henrys map.html (last access: 2 February 2015), 2013.
van Vliet, M. T. H., Ludwig, F., Zwolsman, J. J. G., Weedon, G. P., and Kabat, P.: Global river temperatures and sensitivity to atmospheric warming and changes in river flow, Water Resour. Res., 47, W02544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009198, 2011.
Wagner, M. J., Bladon, K. D., Silins, U., Williams, C. H. S., Martens, A. M., Boon, S., MacDonald, R. J., Stone, M., Emelko, M. B., and Anderson, A.: Catchment-scale stream temperature response to land disturbance by wildfire governed by surface–subsurface energy exchange and atmospheric controls, J. Hydrol., 517, 328–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.006, 2014.
Webb, B. W., Hannah, D. M., Moore, R. D., Brown, L. E., and Nobilis, F.: Recent advances in stream and river temperature research, Hydrol. Process., 22, 902–918, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6994, 2008.
Yoshikawa, K., Bolton, W. R., Romanovsky, V. E., Fukuda, M., and Hinzman, L. D.: Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8148, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000438, 2003.
Zhang, T. J.: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157, 2005.
Short summary
Changes in climate and land cover are known to warm streams by altering surface heat fluxes. However, the influence of these disturbances on shallow groundwater temperature are not as well understood. In small streams, groundwater discharge may also exert a control on stream temperature, and thus groundwater warming may eventually produce additional stream warming not considered in most existing models. This study investigates these processes and suggests stream temperature model improvements.
Changes in climate and land cover are known to warm streams by altering surface heat fluxes....
