Articles | Volume 20, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3309-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3309-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Aug 2016
Research article |
| 12 Aug 2016
Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China
Xuening Fang
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University
Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University
Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
Qiang Feng
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi
030801, P. R. China
Jingyi Ding
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
Yuanxin Liu
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
Xiao Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
College of Resource and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing
100875, P. R. China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yue Li, Ying Ma, Xianfang Song, Qian Zhang, and Lixin Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3405–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed an iteration method in combination with the MixSIAR model and water isotopes to quantify the river water contribution (RWC) to riparian deep-rooted trees nearby a losing river. River water can indirectly contribute by 20.3 % to water uptake of riparian trees. River recharged riparian groundwater rapidly with a short groundwater residence time (no more than 0.28 d). The RWC to riparian trees was negatively correlated with the water table depth and leaf δ13C in linear functions.
Jonathan Rizzi, Ana M. Tarquis, Anne Gobin, Mikhail Semenov, Wenwu Zhao, and Paolo Tarolli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3873–3877, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3873-2021, 2021
Yusen Yuan, Lixin Wang, Wenqing Lin, Wenzhe Jiao, and Taisheng Du
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-519, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder, Marco D. Visser, Matteo Detto, Pascal Boeckx, Félicien Meunier, Kathrin Kuehnhammer, Ruth-Kristina Magh, John D. Marshall, Lixin Wang, Liangju Zhao, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 17, 4853–4870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4853-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4853-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The depths at which plants take up water is challenging to observe directly. To do so, scientists have relied on measuring the isotopic composition of xylem water as this provides information on the water’s source. Our work shows that this isotopic composition changes throughout the day, which complicates the interpretation of the water’s source and has been currently overlooked. We build a model to help understand the origin of these composition changes and their consequences for science.
Yusen Yuan, Taisheng Du, Honglang Wang, and Lixin Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4491–4501, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The isotopic composition of ambient water vapor is an important source of atmospheric water vapor and has not been able to be estimated to date using the Keeling plot approach. Here we proposed two new methods to estimate the isotopic composition of ambient water vapor: one using the intersection point method and another relying on the intermediate value theorem.
N. A. Nyathi, W. Zhao, and W. Musakwa
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-3-2020, 809–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-809-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-809-2020, 2020
Ting Hua, Wenwu Zhao, Yanxu Liu, and Yue Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-122, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-122, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We used the RUSLE model and geographical detector method to evaluate and identify the dominant factors and variability in the Yellow River basin. We found that in the period of low rainfall and vegetation coverage, the interaction of rainfall and slope can enhance their impact on the distribution of soil erosion, while the combination of vegetation and slope was the dominant interacting factor in other periods, and the dominant driving factors of soil erosion variability were rainfall.
Wenwu Zhao, Hui Wei, Lizhi Jia, Stefani Daryanto, Xiao Zhang, and Yanxu Liu
Solid Earth, 9, 1507–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1507-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1507-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil erodibility (K) is one of the key factors of soil erosion. Selecting the optimal estimation method of soil erodibility is critical to estimate the amount of soil erosion, and provide the base for sustainable land management. This research took the Loess Plateau of China as a case study, estimated soil erodibility factor with different methods, selected the best texture-based method to estimate K, and aimed to understand the indirect environmental factors of soil erodibility.
Chung-Te Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang, Lixin Wang, Yu-Ting Shih, and Teng-Chiu Lin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2379–2391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis of ion input–output budget illustrates that hydrochemical responses to typhoon storms are distinctly different from those of regular storms. In addition, even mild land use change may have large impacts on nutrient exports/losses. We propose that hydrological models should separate hydrochemical processes into regular and extreme conditions to better capture the whole spectrum of hydrochemical responses to a variety of climate conditions.
Lixin Wang, Xiaohua Wei, Kevin Bishop, Alison D. Reeves, Nadia Ursino, and Rita Winkler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1731–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1731-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1731-2018, 2018
Jingyi Ding, Wenwu Zhao, Stefani Daryanto, Lixin Wang, Hao Fan, Qiang Feng, and Yaping Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2405–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2405-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2405-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focused on exploring the spatial distribution and temporal variation of desert riparian forests and their influencing factors based on field experiment and remote sensing data. Our result revealed how the environmental factors shape the spatial distribution and temporal variation of desert riparian forest in the downstream Heihe river. The results of this study provide support for the effective restoration of desert riparian forest in the hyperarid zone.
Stephen D. Parkes, Matthew F. McCabe, Alan D. Griffiths, Lixin Wang, Scott Chambers, Ali Ershadi, Alastair G. Williams, Josiah Strauss, and Adrian Element
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 533–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-533-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-533-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Determining atmospheric moisture sources is required for understanding the water cycle. The role of land surface fluxes is a particular source of uncertainty for moisture budgets. Water vapour isotopes have the potential to improve constraints on moisture sources. In this work relationships between water vapour isotopes and land–atmosphere exchange are studied. Results show that land surface evaporative fluxes play a minor role in the daytime water and isotope budgets in semi-arid environments.
L. Zhao, L. Wang, X. Liu, H. Xiao, Y. Ruan, and M. Zhou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4129–4151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4129-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4129-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Catchment hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Seasonal dynamics and spatial patterns of soil moisture in a loess catchment
Effects of urbanization on the water cycle in the Shiyang River basin: based on a stable isotope method
Isotopic variations in surface waters and groundwaters of an extremely arid basin and their responses to climate change
Seasonal variation and influence factors of river water isotopes in the East Asian monsoon region: a case study in the Xiangjiang River basin spanning 13 hydrological years
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven hypersedimentation in the Poechos Reservoir, northern Peru
Impacts of hydrofacies geometry designed from seismic refraction tomography on estimated hydrogeophysical variables
Isotope-derived young water fractions in streamflow across the tropical Andes mountains and Amazon floodplain
Adaptively monitoring streamflow using a stereo computer vision system
Technical Note: Combining undisturbed soil monoliths for hydrological indoor experiments
Hydrodynamics of a high Alpine catchment characterized by four natural tracers
Seasonal variation and release of soluble reactive phosphorus in an agricultural upland headwater in central Germany
Improving the understanding of N transport in a rural catchment under Atlantic climate conditions from the analysis of the concentration–discharge relationship derived from a high-frequency data set
Sources and mean transit times of stream water in an intermittent river system: the upper Wimmera River, southeast Australia
Bedrock depth influences spatial patterns of summer baseflow, temperature and flow disconnection for mountainous headwater streams
Agricultural intensification vs. climate change: what drives long-term changes in sediment load?
Evaporation from a large lowland reservoir – observed dynamics and drivers during a warm summer
Comment on “A comparison of catchment travel times and storage deduced from deuterium and tritium tracers using StorAge Selection functions” by Rodriguez et al. (2021)
Use of water isotopes and chemistry to infer the type and degree of exchange between groundwater and lakes in an esker complex of northeastern Ontario, Canada
Technical note: Introduction of a superconducting gravimeter as novel hydrological sensor for the Alpine research catchment Zugspitze
CABra: a novel large-sample dataset for Brazilian catchments
Benefits from high-density rain gauge observations for hydrological response analysis in a small alpine catchment
Hydrologic regimes drive nitrate export behavior in human-impacted watersheds
Intensive landscape-scale remediation improves water quality of an alluvial gully located in a Great Barrier Reef catchment
Environmental DNA simultaneously informs hydrological and biodiversity characterization of an Alpine catchment
Technical note: Evaluation of a low-cost evaporation protection method for portable water samplers
New flood frequency estimates for the largest river in Norway based on the combination of short and long time series
The pulse of a montane ecosystem: coupling between daily cycles in solar flux, snowmelt, transpiration, groundwater, and streamflow at Sagehen Creek and Independence Creek, Sierra Nevada, USA
Technical note: A time-integrated sediment trap to sample diatoms for hydrological tracing
Do stream water solute concentrations reflect when connectivity occurs in a small, pre-Alpine headwater catchment?
Soil moisture sensor network design for hydrological applications
Catchment-scale drought: capturing the whole drought cycle using multiple indicators
Field-based estimation and modelling of distributed groundwater recharge in a Mediterranean karst catchment, Wadi Natuf, West Bank
Surface water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity
Technical note: A microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for stable isotope studies
Controls on spatial and temporal variability in streamflow and hydrochemistry in a glacierized catchment
Open-source Arduino-compatible data loggers designed for field research
Water-use dynamics of an alien-invaded riparian forest within the summer rainfall zone of South Africa
Technical note: Mapping surface-saturation dynamics with thermal infrared imagery
Value of uncertain streamflow observations for hydrological modelling
Why has catchment evaporation increased in the past 40 years? A data-based study in Austria
Technical note: GUARD – an automated fluid sampler preventing sample alteration by contamination, evaporation and gas exchange, suitable for remote areas and harsh conditions
Hydrological processes and permafrost regulate magnitude, source and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic carbon export in a peatland catchment of northeastern China
Exploring the influence of citizen involvement on the assimilation of crowdsourced observations: a modelling study based on the 2013 flood event in the Bacchiglione catchment (Italy)
Comment on “Can assimilation of crowdsourced data in hydrological modelling improve flood prediction?” by Mazzoleni et al. (2017)
Multiconfiguration electromagnetic induction survey for paleochannel internal structure imaging: a case study in the alluvial plain of the River Seine, France
Tree-, stand- and site-specific controls on landscape-scale patterns of transpiration
The potamochemical symphony: new progress in the high-frequency acquisition of stream chemical data
Impact of snow deposition on major and trace element concentrations and elementary fluxes in surface waters of the Western Siberian Lowland across a 1700 km latitudinal gradient
Human amplified changes in precipitation–runoff patterns in large river basins of the Midwestern United States
Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure
Shaozhen Liu, Ilja van Meerveld, Yali Zhao, Yunqiang Wang, and James W. Kirchner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 205–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the seasonal and spatial patterns of soil moisture in 0–500 cm soil using 89 monitoring sites in a loess catchment with monsoonal climate. Soil moisture is highest during the months of least precipitation and vice versa. Soil moisture patterns at the hillslope scale are dominated by the aspect-controlled evapotranspiration variations (a local control), not by the hillslope convergence-controlled downslope flow (a nonlocal control), under both dry and wet conditions.
Rui Li, Guofeng Zhu, Siyu Lu, Liyuan Sang, Gaojia Meng, Longhu Chen, Yinying Jiao, and Qinqin Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4437–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4437-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4437-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In semi-arid regions, the problem of water shortages is becoming more and more serious with the acceleration of urbanization. Based on isotope data and hydrometeorological data, we analysed the impact of urbanization on the water cycle of the basin. The results showed that urbanization sped up the process of rainfall runoff. The MRT got shorter from upstream to downstream, and the landscape dams that were built during urbanization made the river evaporate even more.
Yu Zhang, Hongbing Tan, Peixin Cong, Dongping Shi, Wenbo Rao, and Xiying Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4019–4038, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4019-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4019-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid climate warming creates barriers for us to investigate water resource states. Using stable and radioactive isotopes, we identified the seasonality and spatiality of the water cycle in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Climate warming/humidification accelerates the water cycle in alpine arid basins. Precipitation and meltwater infiltrate along preferential flow paths to facilitate rapid groundwater recharge. Total water resources may show an initially increasing and then decreasing trend.
Xiong Xiao, Xinping Zhang, Zhuoyong Xiao, Zhiguo Rao, Xinguang He, and Cicheng Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3783–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With the aim of improving the understanding of seasonal variations in water stable isotopes and catchment hydrological processes, we compared the temporal variations of precipitation and river water isotopes with the hydrometeorological factors in the Xiangjiang River over 13 years. Results showed that the changes in river water isotopes can be variables that reflect the seasonal variations in local environments and extreme events and may show implications for paleoclimate reconstruction.
Anthony Foucher, Sergio Morera, Michael Sanchez, Jhon Orrillo, and Olivier Evrard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3191–3204, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The current research investigated, as a representative study case, the sediment accumulated in the Poechos Reservoir (located on the west coast of northern Peru) for retrospectively reconstructing the impact on sediment dynamics (1978–2019) of extreme phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, land cover changes after humid periods and agricultural expansion along the riverine system.
Nolwenn Lesparre, Sylvain Pasquet, and Philippe Ackerer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512955.1, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512955.1, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical maps of seismic velocity reflect variations of the subsurface porosity. We use such images to design the geometry of subsurface compartments delimited by velocity thresholds. The obtained patterns are inserted in a hydrogeological model to test the influence of: random geometries, velocity thresholds and hydraulic parameters on data estimated from the model: the depth of the groundwater and magnetic resonance sounding, a geophysical method sensitive to the subsurface water content.
Emily I. Burt, Daxs Herson Coayla Rimachi, Adan Julian Ccahuana Quispe, Abra Atwood, and A. Joshua West
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2883–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mountains store and release water, serving as water towers for downstream regions and affecting global sediment and carbon fluxes. We use stream and rain chemistry to calculate how much streamflow comes from recent rainfall across seven sites in the Andes mountains and the nearby Amazon lowlands. We find that the type of rock and the intensity of rainfall control water retention and release, challenging assumptions that mountain topography exerts the primary effect on watershed hydrology.
Nicholas Reece Hutley, Ryan Beecroft, Daniel Wagenaar, Josh Soutar, Blake Edwards, Nathaniel Deering, Alistair Grinham, and Simon Albert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2051–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring flows in streams allows us to manage crucial water resources. This work shows the automated application of a dual camera computer vision stream gauging (CVSG) system for measuring streams. Comparing between state-of-the-art technologies demonstrated that camera-based methods were capable of performing within the best available error margins. CVSG offers significant benefits towards improving stream data and providing a safe way for measuring floods while adapting to changes over time.
David Ramler and Peter Strauss
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1745–1754, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1745-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1745-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Undisturbed soil monoliths combine advantages of outdoor and indoor experiments; however, there are often size limitations. A promising approach is the combination of smaller blocks to form a single large monolith. We compared the runoff properties of monoliths cut in half and recombined with uncut blocks. The effect of the combination procedure was negligible compared to the inherent soil heterogeneity, and we conclude that advantages outweigh possible adverse effects.
Anthony Michelon, Natalie Ceperley, Harsh Beria, Joshua Larsen, Torsten Vennemann, and Bettina Schaefli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1403–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Streamflow generation processes in high-elevation catchments are largely influenced by snow accumulation and melt. For this work, we collected and analyzed more than 2800 water samples (temperature, electric conductivity, and stable isotopes of water) to characterize the hydrological processes in such a high Alpine environment. Our results underline the critical role of subsurface flow during all melt periods and the presence of snowmelt even during the winter periods.
Michael Rode, Jörg Tittel, Frido Reinstorf, Michael Schubert, Kay Knöller, Benjamin Gilfedder, Florian Merensky-Pöhlein, and Andreas Musolff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1261–1277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural catchments show elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations during summer low flow. In an agricultural stream, we found that phosphorus in groundwater was a major source of stream water phosphorus during low flow, and stream sediments derived from farmland are unlikely to have increased stream phosphorus concentrations during low water. We found no evidence that riparian wetlands contributed to soluble reactive (SR) P loads. Agricultural phosphorus was largely buffered in the soil zone.
María Luz Rodríguez-Blanco, María Teresa Taboada-Castro, and María Mercedes Taboada-Castro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1243–1259, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the N dynamics in an Atlantic headwater catchment in the NW Iberian Peninsula, using high-frequency measurements of NO3 and TKN (total Kjeldahl N) during runoff events. The divergence dynamics observed between N components exemplifies the complexity of and variability in NO3 and TKN processes, highlighting the need to understand dominant hydrological pathways for the development of N-specific management plans to ensure that control measures are most effective at the catchment scale.
Zibo Zhou, Ian Cartwright, and Uwe Morgenstern
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4497–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Streams may receive water from different sources in their catchment. There is limited understanding of which water stores intermittent streams are connected to. Using geochemistry we show that the intermittent streams in southeast Australia are connected to younger smaller near-river water stores rather than regional groundwater. This makes these streams more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and requires management of the riparian zone for their protection.
Martin A. Briggs, Phillip Goodling, Zachary C. Johnson, Karli M. Rogers, Nathaniel P. Hitt, Jennifer B. Fair, and Craig D. Snyder
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3989–4011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3989-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The geologic structure of mountain watersheds may control how groundwater and streamwater exchange, influencing where streams dry. We measured bedrock depth at 191 locations along eight headwater streams paired with stream temperature records, baseflow separation and observations of channel dewatering. The data indicated a prevalence of shallow bedrock generally less than 3 m depth, and local variation in that depth can drive stream dewatering but also influence stream baseflow supply.
Shengping Wang, Borbala Szeles, Carmen Krammer, Elmar Schmaltz, Kepeng Song, Yifan Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, Günter Blöschl, and Peter Strauss
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3021–3036, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored the quantitative contribution of agricultural intensification and climate change to the sediment load of a small agricultural watershed. Rather than a change in climatic conditions, changes in the land structure notably altered sediment concentrations under high-flow conditions, thereby contributing most to the increase in annual sediment loads. More consideration of land structure improvement is required when combating the transfer of soil from land to water.
Femke A. Jansen, Remko Uijlenhoet, Cor M. J. Jacobs, and Adriaan J. Teuling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2875–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the controls on open water evaporation with a focus on Lake IJssel, the Netherlands, by analysing eddy covariance observations over two summer periods at two locations at the borders of the lake. Wind speed and the vertical vapour pressure gradient can explain most of the variation in observed evaporation, which is in agreement with Dalton's model. We argue that the distinct characteristics of inland waterbodies need to be taken into account when parameterizing their evaporation.
Michael Kilgour Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Ian Cartwright
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6333–6338, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of deuterium and tritium to determine travel time distributions in streams is an important development in catchment hydrology (Rodriguez et al., 2021). This comment, however, argues that their results do not generally invalidate the truncation hypothesis of Stewart et al. (2010) (i.e. that stable isotopes underestimate travel times through catchments), as they imply, but asserts instead that the hypothesis still applies to many other catchments.
Maxime P. Boreux, Scott F. Lamoureux, and Brian F. Cumming
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6309–6332, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of groundwater–lake-water interactions in highly permeable boreal terrain using several indicators showed that lowland lakes are embedded into the groundwater system and are thus relatively resilient to short-term hydroclimatic change, while upland lakes rely more on precipitation as their main water input, making them more sensitive to evaporative drawdown. This suggests that landscape position controls the vulnerability of lake-water levels to hydroclimatic change.
Christian Voigt, Karsten Schulz, Franziska Koch, Karl-Friedrich Wetzel, Ludger Timmen, Till Rehm, Hartmut Pflug, Nico Stolarczuk, Christoph Förste, and Frank Flechtner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5047–5064, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5047-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5047-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A continuously operating superconducting gravimeter at the Zugspitze summit is introduced to support hydrological studies of the Partnach spring catchment known as the Zugspitze research catchment. The observed gravity residuals reflect total water storage variations at the observation site. Hydro-gravimetric analysis show a high correlation between gravity and the snow water equivalent, with a gravimetric footprint of up to 4 km radius enabling integral insights into this high alpine catchment.
André Almagro, Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira, Antônio Alves Meira Neto, Tirthankar Roy, and Peter Troch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3105–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have collected and synthesized catchment attributes from multiple sources into an extensive dataset, the Catchment Attributes for Brazil (CABra). CABra contains streamflow and climate daily series for 735 catchments in the 1980–2010 period, aside from dozens of attributes of topography, climate, streamflow, groundwater, soil, geology, land cover, and hydrologic disturbance. The CABra intends to pave the way for a better understanding of catchments' behavior in Brazil and the world.
Anthony Michelon, Lionel Benoit, Harsh Beria, Natalie Ceperley, and Bettina Schaefli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2301–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall observation remains a challenge, particularly in mountain environments. Unlike most studies which are model based, this analysis of the rainfall–runoff response of a 13.4 km2 alpine catchment is purely data based and relies on measurements from a network of 12 low-cost rain gauges over 3 months. It assesses the importance of high-density rainfall observations in informing hydrological processes and helps in designing a permanent rain gauge network.
Galen Gorski and Margaret A. Zimmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1333–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding when, where, and how nitrate is exported from watersheds is the key to addressing the challenges that excess nutrients pose. We analyzed daily nitrate and streamflow data for five nested, agricultural watersheds that export high levels of nitrate over a 4-year time period. Nutrient export patterns varied seasonally during baseflow but were stationary during stormflow. Additionally, anthropogenic and geologic factors drove nutrient export during both baseflow and stormflow.
Nicholas J. C. Doriean, William W. Bennett, John R. Spencer, Alexandra Garzon-Garcia, Joanne M. Burton, Peter R. Teasdale, David T. Welsh, and Andrew P. Brooks
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gully erosion is a major contributor to suspended sediment and associated nutrient pollution (e.g. gullies generate approximately 40 % of the sediment pollution impacting the Great Barrier Reef). This study used a new method of monitoring to demonstrate how large-scale earthworks used to remediated large gullies (i.e. eroding landforms > 1 ha) can drastically improve the water quality of connected waterways and, thus, protect vulnerable ecosystems in downstream-receiving waters.
Elvira Mächler, Anham Salyani, Jean-Claude Walser, Annegret Larsen, Bettina Schaefli, Florian Altermatt, and Natalie Ceperley
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 735–753, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we collected water from an Alpine catchment in Switzerland and compared the genetic information of eukaryotic organisms conveyed by eDNA with the hydrologic information conveyed by naturally occurring hydrologic tracers. At the intersection of two disciplines, our study provides complementary knowledge gains and identifies the next steps to be addressed for using eDNA to achieve complementary insights into Alpine water sources.
Jana von Freyberg, Julia L. A. Knapp, Andrea Rücker, Bjørn Studer, and James W. Kirchner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5821–5834, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5821-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5821-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Automated water samplers are often used to collect precipitation and streamwater samples for subsequent isotope analysis, but the isotopic signal of these samples may be altered due to evaporative fractionation occurring during the storage inside the autosamplers in the field. In this article we present and evaluate a cost-efficient modification to the Teledyne ISCO automated water sampler that prevents isotopic enrichment through evaporative fractionation of the water samples.
Kolbjørn Engeland, Anna Aano, Ida Steffensen, Eivind Støren, and Øyvind Paasche
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5595–5619, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We combine systematic, historical, and paleo information to obtain flood information from the last 10 300 years for the Glomma River in Norway. We identify periods with increased flood activity (4000–2000 years ago and the recent 1000 years) that correspond broadly to periods with low summer temperatures and glacier growth. The design floods in Glomma were more than 20 % higher during the 18th century than today. We suggest that trends in flood variability are linked to snow in late spring.
James W. Kirchner, Sarah E. Godsey, Madeline Solomon, Randall Osterhuber, Joseph R. McConnell, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5095–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5095-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5095-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Streams and groundwaters often show daily cycles in response to snowmelt and evapotranspiration. These typically have a roughly 6 h time lag, which is often interpreted as a travel-time lag. Here we show that it is instead primarily a phase lag that arises because aquifers integrate their inputs over time. We further show how these cycles shift seasonally, mirroring the springtime retreat of snow cover to higher elevations and the seasonal advance and retreat of photosynthetic activity.
Jasper Foets, Carlos E. Wetzel, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Adriaan J. Teuling, Jean-François Iffly, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4709–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4709-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4709-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Diatoms (microscopic algae) are regarded as useful tracers in catchment hydrology. However, diatom analysis is labour-intensive; therefore, only a limited number of samples can be analysed. To reduce this number, we explored the potential for a time-integrated mass-flux sampler to provide a representative sample of the diatom assemblage for a whole storm run-off event. Our results indicate that the Phillips sampler did indeed sample representative communities during two of the three events.
Leonie Kiewiet, Ilja van Meerveld, Manfred Stähli, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3381–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The sources of stream water are important, for instance, for predicting floods. The connectivity between streams and different (ground-)water sources can change during rain events, which affects the stream water composition. We investigated this for stream water sampled during four events and found that stream water came from different sources. The stream water composition changed gradually, and we showed that changes in solute concentrations could be partly linked to changes in connectivity.
Lu Zhuo, Qiang Dai, Binru Zhao, and Dawei Han
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2577–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2577-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2577-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture plays an important role in hydrological modelling. However, most existing in situ observation networks rarely provide sufficient coverage to capture soil moisture variations. Clearly, there is a need to develop a systematic approach, so that with the minimal number of sensors the soil moisture information could be captured accurately. In this study, a simple and low-data requirement method is proposed (WRF, PCA, CA), which can provide very efficient soil moisture estimations.
Abraham J. Gibson, Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd, Greg R. Hancock, and Garry Willgoose
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1985–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1985-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1985-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To be better prepared for drought, we need to be able to characterize how they begin, translate to on-ground impacts and how they end. We created a 100-year drought record for an area on the east coast of Australia and compared this with soil moisture and vegetation data. Drought reduces vegetation and soil moisture, but recovery rates are different across different catchments. Our methods can be universally applied and show the need to develop area-specific data to inform drought management.
Clemens Messerschmid, Martin Sauter, and Jens Lange
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 887–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-887-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-887-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recharge assessment in the shared transboundary Western Aquifer Basin is highly relevant, scientifically as well as hydropolitically (in Israeli–Palestinian water negotiations). Our unique combination of field-measured soil characteristics and soil moisture time series with soil moisture saturation excess modelling provides a new basis for the spatial differentiation of formation-specific groundwater recharge (at any scale), applicable also in other previously ungauged basins around the world.
J. Nikolaus Callow, Matthew R. Hipsey, and Ryan I. J. Vogwill
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 717–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-717-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-717-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary dryland salinity is a global land degradation issue. Our understanding of causal processes is adapted from wet and hydrologically connected landscapes and concludes that low end-of-catchment runoff indicates land clearing alters water balance in favour of increased infiltration and rising groundwater that bring salts to the surface causing salinity. This study shows surface flows play an important role in causing valley floor recharge and dryland salinity in low-gradient landscapes.
Nils Michelsen, Gerrit Laube, Jan Friesen, Stephan M. Weise, Ali Bakhit Ali Bait Said, and Thomas Müller
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2637–2645, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Most commercial automatic rain samplers are costly and do not prevent evaporation from the collection bottles. Hence, we have developed a microcontroller-based collector enabling timer-actuated integral rain sampling. The simple, low-cost device is robust and effectively minimizes post-sampling evaporation. The excellent performance of the collector during an evaporation experiment in a lab oven suggests that even multi-week field deployments in warm climates are feasible.
Michael Engel, Daniele Penna, Giacomo Bertoldi, Gianluca Vignoli, Werner Tirler, and Francesco Comiti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2041–2063, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2041-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2041-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrometric and geochemical dynamics are controlled by interplay of meteorological conditions, topography and geological heterogeneity. Nivo-meteorological indicators (such as global solar radiation, temperature and decreasing snow depth) explain monthly conductivity and isotopic dynamics best. These insights are important for better understanding hydrochemical responses of glacierized catchments under a changing cryosphere.
Andrew D. Wickert, Chad T. Sandell, Bobby Schulz, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2065–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring Earth's changing environment is a critical part of natural science, but to date most of the equipment to do so is expensive, proprietary, and difficult to customize. We addressed this challenge by developing and deploying the ALog, a low-power, lightweight, Arduino-compatible data logger. We present our hardware schematics and layouts, as well as our customizable code library that operates the ALog and helps users to link it to off-the-shelf sensors.
Bruce C. Scott-Shaw and Colin S. Everson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1553–1565, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1553-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1553-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The research undertaken for this study has allowed for an accurate direct comparison of indigenous and introduced tree water use. The measurements of trees growing in the understorey indicate significant water use in the subcanopy layer. The results showed that individual tree water use is largely inter-species specific. The introduced species remain active during the dry winter periods, resulting in their cumulative water use being significantly greater than that of the indigenous species.
Barbara Glaser, Marta Antonelli, Marco Chini, Laurent Pfister, and Julian Klaus
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5987–6003, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5987-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5987-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate how thermal infrared images can be used for mapping the appearance and disappearance of water at the surface. The use of thermal infrared images allows for mapping this appearance and disappearance for various temporal and spatial resolutions, and the images can be understood intuitively. We explain the necessary steps in detail, from image acquisition to final processing, by relying on image examples and experience from an 18-month mapping campaign.
Simon Etter, Barbara Strobl, Jan Seibert, and H. J. Ilja van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5243–5257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To evaluate the potential value of streamflow estimates for hydrological model calibration, we created synthetic streamflow datasets in various temporal resolutions based on the errors in streamflow estimates of 136 citizens. Our results show that streamflow estimates of untrained citizens are too inaccurate to be useful for model calibration. If, however, the errors can be reduced by training or filtering, the estimates become useful if also a sufficient number of estimates are available.
Doris Duethmann and Günter Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5143–5158, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5143-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5143-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze changes in catchment evaporation estimated from the water balances of 156 catchments in Austria over 1977–2014, as well as the possible causes of these changes. Our results show that catchment evaporation increased on average by 29 ± 14 mm yr−1 decade−1. We attribute this increase to changes in atmospheric demand (based on reference and pan evaporation), changes in vegetation (quantified by a satellite-based vegetation index), and changes in precipitation.
Arno Hartmann, Marc Luetscher, Ralf Wachter, Philipp Holz, Elisabeth Eiche, and Thomas Neumann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4281–4293, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4281-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4281-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new mobile automated water sampling device for environmental research and other applications where waters need to be tested for compliance with environmental/health regulations. It has two main advantages over similar devices: firstly, it injects water samples directly into airtight vials to prevent any change in sample properties through contamination, evaporation and gas exchange. Secondly, it can hold up to 160 sample vials, while other devices only hold up to 24 vials.
Yuedong Guo, Changchun Song, Wenwen Tan, Xianwei Wang, and Yongzheng Lu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1081–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The study examined dynamics of DOC export from a permafrost peatland catchment located in northeastern China. The findings indicated that the DOC export is a transport-limited process and the DOC load was significant for the net carbon balance in the studied catchment. The flowpath shift process is key to observed DOC concentration, resources and chemical characteristics in discharge. Permafrost degradation would likely elevate the proportion of microbe-originated DOC in baseflow.
Maurizio Mazzoleni, Vivian Juliette Cortes Arevalo, Uta Wehn, Leonardo Alfonso, Daniele Norbiato, Martina Monego, Michele Ferri, and Dimitri P. Solomatine
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 391–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-391-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-391-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the usefulness of assimilating crowdsourced observations from a heterogeneous network of sensors for different scenarios of citizen involvement levels during the flood event occurred in the Bacchiglione catchment in May 2013. We achieve high model performance by integrating crowdsourced data, in particular from citizens motivated by their feeling of belonging to a community. Satisfactory model performance can still be obtained even for decreasing citizen involvement over time.
Daniele P. Viero
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 171–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-171-2018, 2018
Fayçal Rejiba, Cyril Schamper, Antoine Chevalier, Benoit Deleplancque, Gaghik Hovhannissian, Julien Thiesson, and Pierre Weill
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 159–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-159-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-159-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The internal variability of paleomeanders strongly influence water fluxes in alluvial plains. This study presents the results of a hydrogeophysical investigation that provide a very detailed characterization of the geometry of a wide paleomeander. The presented case study, situated in the Seine River basin (France), represents a common sedimentary and geomorphological structure in alluvial plains worldwide.
Sibylle Kathrin Hassler, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 13–30, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-13-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-13-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use sap velocity measurements from 61 trees on 132 days to gain knowledge about the controls of landscape-scale transpiration, distinguishing tree-, stand- and site-specific controls on sap velocity and sap flow patterns and examining their dynamics during the vegetation period. Our results show that these patterns are not exclusively determined by tree characteristics. Thus, including site characteristics such as geology and aspect could be beneficial for modelling or management purposes.
Paul Floury, Jérôme Gaillardet, Eric Gayer, Julien Bouchez, Gaëlle Tallec, Patrick Ansart, Frédéric Koch, Caroline Gorge, Arnaud Blanchouin, and Jean-Louis Roubaty
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6153–6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6153-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6153-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new prototype
lab in the fieldnamed River Lab (RL) designed for water quality monitoring to perform a complete analysis at sub-hourly frequency of major dissolved species in river water. The article is an analytical paper to present the proof of concept, its performances and improvements. Our tests reveal a significant improvement of reproducibility compared to conventional analysis in the laboratory. First results are promising for understanding the critical zone.
Vladimir P. Shevchenko, Oleg S. Pokrovsky, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Ivan V. Krickov, Rinat M. Manasypov, Nadezhda V. Politova, Sergey G. Kopysov, Olga M. Dara, Yves Auda, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Larisa G. Kolesnichenko, Valery A. Zemtsov, and Sergey N. Kirpotin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5725–5746, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5725-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5725-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We used a coupled hydrological–hydrochemical approach to assess the impact of snow on river and lake water chemistry across a permafrost gradient in very poorly studied Western Siberia Lowland (WSL), encompassing > 1.5 million km2. The riverine springtime fluxes of major and trace element in WSL rivers might be strongly overestimated due to previously unknown input from the snow deposition.
Sara A. Kelly, Zeinab Takbiri, Patrick Belmont, and Efi Foufoula-Georgiou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5065–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5065-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5065-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Humans have profoundly altered land cover and soil drainage for agricultural purposes in the Midwestern USA. Here we investigate whether climate alone can explain recent increases in observed streamflows throughout the region. Using multiple analyses, including statistical tests and water budgets, we conclude that historical drainage installation has likely amplified the streamflow response to regional precipitation increases. We stress that better documentation of artificial drainage is needed.
Andreas Güntner, Marvin Reich, Michal Mikolaj, Benjamin Creutzfeldt, Stephan Schroeder, and Hartmut Wziontek
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3167–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3167-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3167-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring water storage changes beyond the point scale is a challenge. Here, we show that an integrative and non-invasive way is by observing variations of gravity that are induced by water mass changes. A high-precision superconducting gravimeter is successfully operated in the field and allows for direct and continuous monitoring of the water balance and of its components, such as actual evapotranspiration.
Cited articles
Baroni, G., Ortuani, B., Facchi, A., and Gandolfi, C.: The role of vegetation and soil properties on the spatio-temporal variability of the surface soil moisture in a maize-cropped field, J. Hydrol., 489, 148–159, 2013.
Bi, H., Li, X., Liu, X., Guo, M., and Li, J.: A case study of spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in the Loess Plateau, western China: A geostatistical approach, Int. J. Sediment Res., 24, 63–73, 2009.
Cheema, M. J. M., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., and Rutten, M. M.: Validation of surface soil moisture from AMSR-E using auxiliary spatial data in the transboundary Indus basin, J. Hydrol., 405, 137–149, 2011.
Chen, H., Shao, M., and Li, Y.: Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China, Geoderma, 143, 91–100, 2008a.
Chen, H., Shao, M., and Li, Y.: The characteristics of soil water cycle and water balance on steep grassland under natural and simulated rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau of China, J. Hydrol., 360, 242–251, 2008b.
Chen, L., Wang, J., Wei, W., Fu, B., and Wu, D.: Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau region, China, Forest Ecol. Manag., 259, 1291–1298, 2010.
Chong, X. and Liang, Y.: Root distribution characteristics and soil moisture dynamics of Hippophae rhamnoides in semiarid region of Loess Plateau, B. Soil Water Conserv., 98–103, 1990 (in Chinese).
Entin, J. K., Robock, A., Vinnikov, K. Y., Hollinger, S. E., Liu, S., and Namkhai, A.: Temporal and spatial scales of observed soil moisture variations in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 11865–11877, 2000.
Fang, X., Zhao, W., Fu, B., and Ding, J.: Landscape service capability, landscape service flow and landscape service demand: a new framework for landscape services and its use for landscape sustainability assessment, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 39, 817–836, 2015.
Feng, D., Zongsuo, L., Xuexuan, X., Lun, S., and Xingchang, Z.: Community biomass of abandoned farmland and its effects on soil nutrition in the Loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, China, Acta Ecol. Sin., 27, 1673–1683, 2007 (in Chinese).
Feng, Q., Zhao, W., Qiu, Y., Zhao, M., and Zhong, L.: Spatial heterogeneity of Soil moisture and the scale variability of its influencing factors: a Case Study in the Loess Plateau of China, Water, 5, 1226–1242, 2013.
Gómez-Plaza, A., Alvarez-Rogel, J., Albaladejo, J., and Castillo, V. M.: Spatial patterns and temporal stability of soil moisture across a range of scales in a semi-arid environment, Hydrol. Process., 14, 1261–1277, 2000.
Gómez-Plaza, A., Martınez-Mena, M., Albaladejo, J., and Castillo, V. M.: Factors regulating spatial distribution of soil water content in small semiarid catchments, J. Hydrol., 253, 211–226, 2001.
Han, F., Zheng, J., and Zhang, X.: Plant root system distribution and its effect on soil nutrient on slope land converted from farmland in the Loess Plateau, Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 25, 50–55, 2009.
He, F., Huang, M., and Dang, T.: Distribution characteristic of dried soil layer in Wangdonggou watershed in gully region of the Loess Plateau, J. Nat. Resour., 18, 30–36, 2003.
Hu, W., Shao, M., Han, F., Reichardt, K., and Tan, J.: Watershed scale temporal stability of soil water content, Geoderma, 158, 181–198, 2010.
Ibrahim, H. M. and Huggins, D. R.: Spatio-temporal patterns of soil water storage under dryland agriculture at the watershed scale, J. Hydrol., 404, 186–197, 2011.
Jia, Y. and Shao, M.: Dynamics of deep soil moisture in response to vegetational restoration on the Loess Plateau of China, J. Hydrol., 519, 523–531, 2014.
Jia, Y., Shao, M., and Jia, X.: Spatial pattern of soil moisture and its temporal stability within profiles on a loessial slope in northwestern China, J. Hydrol., 495, 150–161, 2013.
Kim, S., Lee, H., Woo, N. C., and Kim, J.: Soil moisture monitoring on a steep hillside, Hydrol. Process., 21, 2910–2922, 2007.
Legates, D. R., Mahmood, R., Levia, D. F., DeLiberty, T. L., Quiring, S. M., Houser, C., and Nelson, F. E.: Soil moisture: A central and unifying theme in physical geography, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 35, 65–86, 2011.
Lei, S.: Root distribution traits of apple trees in platform terrain, Journal Vocational College, 97–99, 2013 (in Chinese).
Liu, W., Zhang, X., Dang, T., Ouyang, Z., Li, Z., Wang, J., Wang, R., and Gao, C.: Soil water dynamics and deep soil recharge in a record wet year in the southern Loess Plateau of China, Agric. Water Manag., 97, 1133–1138, 2010.
Lu, Y., Fu, B., Chen, L., Liu, G., and Wei, W.: Nutrient transport associated with water erosion: progress and prospect, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 31, 607–620, 2007.
Lu, Y., Chen, L., and Fu, B.: Land-cover effects on red soil rehabilitation in China: a meta-analysis, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 32, 491–502, 2008.
Mandal, U. K., Warrington, D. N., Bhardwaj, A. K., Bar-Tal, A., Kautsky, L., Minz, D., and Levy, G. J.: Evaluating impact of irrigation water quality on a calcareous clay soil using principal component analysis, Geoderma, 144, 189–197, 2008.
Martínez-Fernández, J. and Ceballos, A.: Temporal stability of soil moisture in a large-field experiment in Spain, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 1647–1656, 2003.
Montenegro, S. and Ragab, R.: Impact of possible climate and land use changes in the semi arid regions: a case study from North Eastern Brazil, J. Hydrol., 434–435, 55–68, 2012.
Qiu, Y., Fu, B., Wang, J., and Chen, L.: Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau, China, J. Hydrol., 240, 243–263, 2001.
Ruan, C. and Li, D.: Community characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides forest and water and nutrient condition of the woodland in Loess hilly region, Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 13, 1061–1064, 2002 (In Chinese).
Savva, Y., Szlavecz, K., Carlson, D., Gupchup, J., Szalay, A., and Terzis, A.: Spatial patterns of soil moisture under forest and grass land cover in a suburban area, in Maryland, USA, Geoderma, 192, 202–210, 2013.
Shi, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhang, J.: Study on the root distribution of peach trees, Journal Fruit Science, 4, 232–235, 1989 (in Chinese).
Shi, Y., Wu, P., Zhao, X., Li, H., Wang, J., and Zhang, B.: Statistical analyses and controls of root-zone soil moisture in a large gully of the Loess Plateau, Environ. Earth Sci., 71, 4801–4809, 2014.
Starks, P. J., Heathman, G. C., Jackson, T. J., and Cosh, M. H.: Temporal stability of soil moisture profile, J. Hydrol., 324, 400–411, 2006.
Sun, F., Lü, Y., Fu, B., Ma, Z., and Yao, X.: Spatial explicit soil moisture analysis: pattern and its stability at small catchment scale in the loess hilly region of China, Hydrol. Process., 28, 4091–4109, 2014.
Vereecken, H., Kamai, T., Harter, T., Kasteel, R., Hopmans, J., and Vanderborght, J.: Explaining soil moisture variability as a function of mean soil moisture: a stochastic unsaturated flow perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 315–324, 2007.
Vivoni, E. R., Rinehart, A. J., Méndez-Barroso, L. A., Aragón, C. A., Bisht, G., Cardenas, M. B., Engle, E., Forman, B. A., Frisbee, M. D., Gutiérrez-Jurado, H. A., Hong, S., Mahmood, T. H., Tai, K., and Wyckoff, R. L.: Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the North American monsoon, Ecohydrology, 1, 225–238, 2008.
Wang, L., Wang, Q., Wei, S., Shao, M. A., and Li, Y.: Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas, Forest Ecol. Manag., 255, 2467–2477, 2008a.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Zhang, X.: Soil moisture ecological environment of artificial vegetation on steep slope of loess region in North Shaanxi Province, China, Acta Ecol. Sin., 28, 885–894, 2008b (in Chinese).
Wang, Z., Liu, B., and Zhang, Y.: Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau, J. Geogr. Sci., 19, 707–718, 2009.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Liu, Z.: Large-scale spatial variability of dried soil layers and related factors across the entire Loess Plateau of China, Geoderma, 159, 99–108, 2010a.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Liu, Z.: Large-scale spatial variability of dried soil layers and related factors across the entire Loess Plateau of China, Geoderma, 159, 99–108, 2010b.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Shao, H.: A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China, J. Hydrol., 381, 9–17, 2010c.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Shao, H.: A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China, J. Hydrol., 381, 9–17, 2010d.
Wang, X. C., Muhammad, T. N., Hao, M. D., and Li, J.: Sustainable recovery of soil desiccation in semi-humid region on the Loess Plateau, Agric. Water Manag., 98, 1262–1270, 2011a.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., Zhu, Y., and Liu, Z.: Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 437–448, 2011b.
Wang, L., D'Odorico, P., Evans, J. P., Eldridge, D. J., McCabe, M. F., Caylor, K. K., and King, E. G.: Dryland ecohydrology and climate change: critical issues and technical advances, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2585–2603, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2585-2012, 2012a.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., Liu, Z., and Warrington, D. N.: Regional spatial pattern of deep soil water content and its influencing factors, Hydrol. Sci. J., 57, 265–281, 2012b.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., Liu, Z., and Warrington, D. N.: Regional spatial pattern of deep soil water content and its influencing factors, Hydrol. Sci. J., 57, 265–281, 2012c.
Wang, Y., Shao, M., and Liu, Z.: Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau, Geoderma, 193–194, 300–310, 2013.
Wang, S., Fu, B., Piao, S., Lü, Y., Ciais, P., Feng, X., and Wang, Y.: Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes, Nat. Geosci., 9, 38–41, 2015.
Wei, S., Ren, S., Yang, P., and Yan, M.: Soil moisture dynamic and root growth of alfalfa in Weichang region, Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 5, 448–451, 2006 (in Chinese).
Western, A. W., Zhou, S., Grayson, R. B., McMahon, T. A., Blöschl, G., and Wilson, D. J.: Spatial correlation of soil moisture in small catchments and its relationship to dominant spatial hydrological processes, J. Hydrol., 286, 113–134, 2004.
Xu, X., Ma, K., Fu, B., Song, C., and Liu, W.: Relationships between vegetation and soil and topography in a dry warm river valley, SW China, Catena, 75, 138–145, 2008.
Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Jia, F., and Mo, B.: Spatial variations of shallow and deep soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3199–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3199-2012, 2012a.
Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., and Mo, B.: Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, J. Hydrol., 475, 111–122, 2012b.
Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., and Mo, B.: Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, J. Hydrol., 475, 111–122, 2012c.
Yang, L., Chen, L., Wei, W., Yu, Y., and Zhang, H.: Comparison of deep soil moisture in two re-vegetation watersheds in semi-arid regions, J. Hydrol., 513, 314–321, 2014a.
Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Chen, W., and Wang, J.: Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation restoration in semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Catena, 115, 123–133, 2014b.
Zhang, L. and Xu, X.: The distribution characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia root in Yangou watershed in Yanan, Journal Northwest, Forestry College, 26, 9–14, 2011 (in Chinese).
Zhao, J., Du, J., and Chen, B.: Dried earth layers of artificial forestland in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province, J. Geogr. Sci., 17, 114–126, 2007.
Zhao, W. and Fang, X.: Landscape sustainability and landscape sustainability science, Acta Ecol. Sin., 34, 2453–2459, 2014 (in Chinese).
Zhao, W., Fu, B., and Chen, L.: A comparison between soil loss evaluation index and the C-factor of RUSLE: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China, hydrology and Earth Systerm, Science, 16, 2739–2748, 2012.
Zhao, W., Fu, B., and Qiu, Y.: An upscaling method for cover-management factor and its application in the Loess Plateau of China, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 4752–4766, 2013.
Zhu, Q. and Lin, H.: Influences of soil, terrain, and crop growth on soil moisture variation from transect to farm scales, Geoderma, 163, 45–54, 2011.
Zhu, H. D., Shi, Z. H., Fang, N. F., Wu, G. L., Guo, Z. L., and Zhang, Y.: Soil moisture response to environmental factors following precipitation events in a small catchment, Catena, 120, 73–80, 2014a.
Zhu, Q., Nie, X., Zhou, X., Liao, K., and Li, H.: Soil moisture response to rainfall at different topographic positions along a mixed land-use hillslope, Catena, 119, 61–70, 2014b.
Short summary
In this study, we focused on analyzing the variation and factors influencing deep soil moisture content based on a soil moisture survey of the Ansai watershed. Our results revealed the variation characteristics of deep soil moisture and its controlling mechanism at a moderate scale. The results of this study are of practical significance for vegetation restoration strategies and the sustainability of restored ecosystems.
In this study, we focused on analyzing the variation and factors influencing deep soil moisture...
