Articles | Volume 22, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6579-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6579-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Dec 2018
Research article |
| 21 Dec 2018
| 21 Dec 2018
Dynamic responses of DOC and DIC transport to different flow regimes in a subtropical small mountainous river
Yu-Ting Shih
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Pei-Hao Chen
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Li-Chin Lee
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Chien-Sen Liao
Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I-Shou University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Shih-Hao Jien
Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National PingTung University
of Science & Technology, PingTung, Taiwan
Fuh-Kwo Shiah
Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei,
Taiwan
Tsung-Yu Lee
Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei,
Taiwan
Thomas Hein
Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Lunz, Austria
WasserCluster Lunz (WCL), Inter-university Research Institute, Lunz am See,
Austria
Franz Zehetner
Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Chung-Te Chang
Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Related authors
Jun-Yi Lee, Yu-Ting Shih, Chiao-Ying Lan, Tsung-Yu Lee, Tsung-Ren Peng, Cheing-Tung Lee, and Jr-Chuan Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-276, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-276, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists concern the travel time and the fraction of new water from the sky to the stream to figure out the sources of freshwater and the distribution of contaminants. This study tells a story of water by analyzing the oxygen isotope of rain and stream water. In our sites, a raindrop only needs 2–11 hour to travel to the stream and large storm could exert more and younger new water. The rapid response is likely because of the steep landscape which helps transferring new water to the stream.
Chung-Te Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang, Lixin Wang, Yu-Ting Shih, and Teng-Chiu Lin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2379–2391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis of ion input–output budget illustrates that hydrochemical responses to typhoon storms are distinctly different from those of regular storms. In addition, even mild land use change may have large impacts on nutrient exports/losses. We propose that hydrological models should separate hydrochemical processes into regular and extreme conditions to better capture the whole spectrum of hydrochemical responses to a variety of climate conditions.
Jr-Chuan Huang, Tsung-Yu Lee, Teng-Chiu Lin, Thomas Hein, Li-Chin Lee, Yu-Ting Shih, Shuh-Ji Kao, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Neng-Huei Lin
Biogeosciences, 13, 1787–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1787-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1787-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The mean riverine DIN export of 49 watersheds in Taiwan is ∼ 3800 kg N km−2 yr−1, 18 times the global average. The mean riverine DIN export ratio is 0.30–0.51, which is much higher than the average of 0.20–0.25 of large rivers around the world, indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem retention capacity. The DIN export ratio is positively related to agriculture input, and levels of human disturbance and watersheds with high DIN export ratios are likely at advanced stages of N excess.
T.-C. Lin, P.-J. L. Shaner, L.-J. Wang, Y.-T. Shih, C.-P. Wang, G.-H. Huang, and J.-C. Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4493–4504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4493-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4493-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We summarize our findings as follows: (1) the mountain watersheds are vulnerable to agriculture expansion; (2) proper spatial configuration of agricultural lands in mountain watersheds can mitigate the impact of agriculture on NO3- output by 70%; and (3) the reconstructed element fluxes for the watersheds indicate excessive leaching of N and P, and additional loss of N to the atmosphere via volatilization and denitrification, which likely resulted from excessive fertilizer use.
Y.-T. Shih, T.-Y. Lee, J.-C. Huang, S.-J. Kao, K.-K. Liu, and F.-J. Chang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-449-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-449-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines the observed riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) export and the controlling factors (land-use, population and discharge) to inversely estimate the effective DIN yield factors for individual land-use and per capita loading. Those estimated DIN yield factors can extrapolate all possible combinations of land-use, discharge, and population density, demonstrating the capability for scenario assessment.
Jun-Yi Lee, Ci-Jian Yang, Tsung-Ren Peng, Tsung-Yu Lee, and Jr-Chuan Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4279–4294, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Streamflow recession, shaped by landscape and rainfall, is not well understood. This study examines their combined impact using data from 19 mountainous rivers. Longer, gentler hillslopes promote flow and reduce nonlinearity, while larger catchments with more rainfall show increased landscape heterogeneity. In small catchments, the exponent decreases with rainfall, indicating less landscape and runoff variation. Further research is needed to validate these findings across diverse regions.
Ci-Jian Yang, Pei-Hao Chen, Erica D. Erlanger, Jens M. Turowski, Sen Xu, Tse-Yang Teng, Jiun-Chuan Lin, and Jr-Chuang Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 475–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-475-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-475-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the interaction between extreme physical erosion and chemical weathering dynamics are limited. We presented major elements of stream water in the badland catchment at 3 h intervals during a 3 d typhoon. The excess sodium in the evaporite deposits causes material dispersion through deflocculation, which enhances the suspended sediment flux. Moreover, we observed a shift from predominantly evaporite weathering at peak precipitation to silicate weathering at peak discharge.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Matthias Pucher, Peter Flödl, Daniel Graeber, Klaus Felsenstein, Thomas Hein, and Gabriele Weigelhofer
Biogeosciences, 18, 3103–3122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic matter is an important carbon source in aquatic ecosystems, yet the uptake processes are not totally understood. We found evidence for the release of degradation products, efficiency loss in the uptake with higher concentrations, stimulating effects, and quality-dependent influences from the benthic zone. To conduct this analysis, we included interactions in the equations of the nutrient spiralling concept and solve it with a Bayesian non-linear fitting algorithm.
Nicolás Valiente, Franz Jirsa, Thomas Hein, Wolfgang Wanek, Patricia Bonin, and Juan José Gómez-Alday
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-20, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Saline lakes are prone to the accumulation of anthropogenic contaminants, making them highly vulnerable environments to nitrate pollution. We used the revised 15N-isotope pairing technique with sediments from a eutrophic hypersaline lake to unravel the nitrate removal pathways carrying on. Our work shows for the first time the coexistence of denitrification, DNRA and anammox in a highly saline/hypersaline lake, with extraordinarily high rates of coupled DNRA-anammox.
Edwin Sien Aun Sia, Zhuoyi Zhu, Jing Zhang, Wee Cheah, Shan Jiang, Faddrine Holt Jang, Aazani Mujahid, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 16, 4243–4260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4243-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4243-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Microbial community composition and diversity in freshwater habitats are much less studied compared to marine and soil communities. This study presents the first assessment of microbial communities of the Rajang River, the longest river in Malaysia, expanding our knowledge of microbial ecology in tropical regions. Areas surrounded by oil palm plantations showed the lowest diversity and other signs of anthropogenic impacts included the presence of CFB groups as well as probable algal blooms.
Jun-Yi Lee, Yu-Ting Shih, Chiao-Ying Lan, Tsung-Yu Lee, Tsung-Ren Peng, Cheing-Tung Lee, and Jr-Chuan Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-276, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-276, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists concern the travel time and the fraction of new water from the sky to the stream to figure out the sources of freshwater and the distribution of contaminants. This study tells a story of water by analyzing the oxygen isotope of rain and stream water. In our sites, a raindrop only needs 2–11 hour to travel to the stream and large storm could exert more and younger new water. The rapid response is likely because of the steep landscape which helps transferring new water to the stream.
Chung-Te Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang, Lixin Wang, Yu-Ting Shih, and Teng-Chiu Lin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2379–2391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis of ion input–output budget illustrates that hydrochemical responses to typhoon storms are distinctly different from those of regular storms. In addition, even mild land use change may have large impacts on nutrient exports/losses. We propose that hydrological models should separate hydrochemical processes into regular and extreme conditions to better capture the whole spectrum of hydrochemical responses to a variety of climate conditions.
Chia-Jeng Chen and Tsung-Yu Lee
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3463–3481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3463-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3463-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Regional hydro-climatic variables are modulated by large-scale, reoccurring climate oscillations. In this article, the authors provide both statistical and physical evidence of how Taiwan’s summertime streamflow is strongly correlated with specific teleconnection patterns dominating cyclonic activity in the western North Pacific. However, such correlation can be strengthened or weakened by notable climate regime shifts, illustrating the pitfall of empirical seasonal forecasting.
Tsung-Yu Lee, Li-Chin Lee, Jr-Chuan Huang, Shih-Hao Jien, Thomas Hein, Franz Zehetner, Shuh-Ji Kao, and Fuh-Kwo Shiah
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-105, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Chia-Jeng Chen and Tsung-Yu Lee
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-216, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-216, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal forecasting of a region's hydro-climatic variables is not a fantasy as long as such variables are modulated by certain large-scale, reoccurring climate oscillations. In this article, the authors provide both statistical and physical evidence of how Taiwan's summertime streamflow is strongly connected with some climate patterns dominating cyclonic activity in the Northwest Pacific. However, such connection can be strengthened or weakened by climate regime shifts, as a forecasting caveat.
Jr-Chuan Huang, Tsung-Yu Lee, Teng-Chiu Lin, Thomas Hein, Li-Chin Lee, Yu-Ting Shih, Shuh-Ji Kao, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Neng-Huei Lin
Biogeosciences, 13, 1787–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1787-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1787-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The mean riverine DIN export of 49 watersheds in Taiwan is ∼ 3800 kg N km−2 yr−1, 18 times the global average. The mean riverine DIN export ratio is 0.30–0.51, which is much higher than the average of 0.20–0.25 of large rivers around the world, indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem retention capacity. The DIN export ratio is positively related to agriculture input, and levels of human disturbance and watersheds with high DIN export ratios are likely at advanced stages of N excess.
Chuan-Yao Lin, Chiung-Jui Su, Hiroyuki Kusaka, Yuko Akimoto, Yang-Fan Sheng, Jr-Chuan Huang, and Huang-Hsiung Hsu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1809–1822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1809-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1809-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the impact of urbanization over northern Taiwan using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with the Noah land-surface model and a modified urban canopy model (WRF-UCM2D). WRF-UCM2D performed much better than the original UCM coupled with WRF (WRF-UCM) at non-urban stations with a low urban fraction during nighttime. The result of this study has crucial implications for assessing the impacts of urbanization on air quality and regional climate.
T.-C. Lin, P.-J. L. Shaner, L.-J. Wang, Y.-T. Shih, C.-P. Wang, G.-H. Huang, and J.-C. Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4493–4504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4493-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4493-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We summarize our findings as follows: (1) the mountain watersheds are vulnerable to agriculture expansion; (2) proper spatial configuration of agricultural lands in mountain watersheds can mitigate the impact of agriculture on NO3- output by 70%; and (3) the reconstructed element fluxes for the watersheds indicate excessive leaching of N and P, and additional loss of N to the atmosphere via volatilization and denitrification, which likely resulted from excessive fertilizer use.
Y.-T. Shih, T.-Y. Lee, J.-C. Huang, S.-J. Kao, K.-K. Liu, and F.-J. Chang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-449-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-449-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines the observed riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) export and the controlling factors (land-use, population and discharge) to inversely estimate the effective DIN yield factors for individual land-use and per capita loading. Those estimated DIN yield factors can extrapolate all possible combinations of land-use, discharge, and population density, demonstrating the capability for scenario assessment.
T.-Y. Lee, Y.-T. Shih, J.-C. Huang, S.-J. Kao, F.-K. Shiah, and K.-K. Liu
Biogeosciences, 11, 5307–5321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5307-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5307-2014, 2014
S.-J. Kao, R. G. Hilton, K. Selvaraj, M. Dai, F. Zehetner, J.-C. Huang, S.-C. Hsu, R. Sparkes, J. T. Liu, T.-Y. Lee, J.-Y. T. Yang, A. Galy, X. Xu, and N. Hovius
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 127–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-127-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-127-2014, 2014
C. T. Chang, S. P. Hamburg, J. L. Hwong, N. H. Lin, M. L. Hsueh, M. C. Chen, and T. C. Lin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3815–3826, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3815-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3815-2013, 2013
T.-Y. Lee, J.-C. Huang, S.-J. Kao, and C.-P. Tung
Biogeosciences, 10, 2617–2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2617-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2617-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Ecohydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Bias-blind and bias-aware assimilation of leaf area index into the Noah-MP land surface model over Europe
Technical note: Seamless extraction and analysis of river networks in R
Advancing stream classification and hydrologic modeling of ungaged basins for environmental flow management in coastal southern California
Unraveling phenological responses to extreme drought and implications for water and carbon budgets
Improving regional climate simulations based on a hybrid data assimilation and machine learning method
A comprehensive assessment of in situ and remote sensing soil moisture data assimilation in the APSIM model for improving agricultural forecasting across the US Midwest
Does non-stationarity induced by multiyear drought invalidate the paired-catchment method?
Is the reputation of Eucalyptus plantations for using more water than Pinus plantations justified?
Attributing trend in naturalized streamflow to temporally explicit vegetation change and climate variation in the Yellow River basin of China
Impacts of different types of El Niño events on water quality over the Corn Belt, United States
Leveraging sap flow data in a catchment-scale hybrid model to improve soil moisture and transpiration estimates
Coupled modelling of hydrological processes and grassland production in two contrasting climates
Does maximization of net carbon profit enable the prediction of vegetation behaviour in savanna sites along a precipitation gradient?
Modelling the artificial forest (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) root–soil water interactions in the Loess Plateau, China
A deep learning hybrid predictive modeling (HPM) approach for estimating evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration
Vegetation greening weakened the capacity of water supply to China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project
Structural changes to forests during regeneration affect water flux partitioning, water ages and hydrological connectivity: Insights from tracer-aided ecohydrological modelling
How does water yield respond to mountain pine beetle infestation in a semiarid forest?
Daily soil temperature modeling improved by integrating observed snow cover and estimated soil moisture in the USA Great Plains
Plant hydraulic transport controls transpiration sensitivity to soil water stress
Drought onset and propagation into soil moisture and grassland vegetation responses during the 2012–2019 major drought in Southern California
Quantifying the effects of urban green space on water partitioning and ages using an isotope-based ecohydrological model
Low and contrasting impacts of vegetation CO2 fertilization on global terrestrial runoff over 1982–2010: accounting for aboveground and belowground vegetation–CO2 effects
Global ecosystem-scale plant hydraulic traits retrieved using model–data fusion
Quantifying the effects of land use and model scale on water partitioning and water ages using tracer-aided ecohydrological models
Quantification of ecohydrological sensitivities and their influencing factors at the seasonal scale
Canopy temperature and heat stress are increased by compound high air temperature and water stress and reduced by irrigation – a modeling analysis
Evaluating a landscape-scale daily water balance model to support spatially continuous representation of flow intermittency throughout stream networks
Testing water fluxes and storage from two hydrology configurations within the ORCHIDEE land surface model across US semi-arid sites
Novel Keeling-plot-based methods to estimate the isotopic composition of ambient water vapor
Disentangling temporal and population variability in plant root water uptake from stable isotopic analysis: when rooting depth matters in labeling studies
Calibration of hydrological models for ecologically relevant streamflow predictions: a trade-off between fitting well to data and estimating consistent parameter sets?
Spatial variability of mean daily estimates of actual evaporation from remotely sensed imagery and surface reference data
Quantification of soil water balance components based on continuous soil moisture measurement and the Richards equation in an irrigated agricultural field of a desert oasis
Mapping the suitability of groundwater-dependent vegetation in a semi-arid Mediterranean area
Modeling boreal forest evapotranspiration and water balance at stand and catchment scales: a spatial approach
The 18O ecohydrology of a grassland ecosystem – predictions and observations
A comprehensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for discharge and nitrate-nitrogen loads involving multiple discrete model inputs under future changing conditions
Evaluation of ORCHIDEE-MICT-simulated soil moisture over China and impacts of different atmospheric forcing data
Testing an optimality-based model of rooting zone water storage capacity in temperate forests
A regional-scale ecological risk framework for environmental flow evaluations
Climate-driven disturbances in the San Juan River sub-basin of the Colorado River
Dominant effect of increasing forest biomass on evapotranspiration: interpretations of movement in Budyko space
Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on the water table level of selected forested wetlands in the southeastern United States
Calibration of a parsimonious distributed ecohydrological daily model in a data-scarce basin by exclusively using the spatio-temporal variation of NDVI
Importance of considering riparian vegetation requirements for the long-term efficiency of environmental flows in aquatic microhabitats
Waning habitats due to climate change: the effects of changes in streamflow and temperature at the rear edge of the distribution of a cold-water fish
Cosmic-ray neutron transport at a forest field site: the sensitivity to various environmental conditions with focus on biomass and canopy interception
Estimation of surface energy fluxes in the Arctic tundra using the remote sensing thermal-based Two-Source Energy Balance model
Environmental controls on seasonal ecosystem evapotranspiration/potential evapotranspiration ratio as determined by the global eddy flux measurements
Samuel Scherrer, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Zdenko Heyvaert, Michel Bechtold, Clement Albergel, Tarek S. El-Madany, and Wouter Dorigo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4087–4114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored different options for data assimilation (DA) of the remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI). We found strong biases between LAI predicted by Noah-MP and observations. LAI DA that does not take these biases into account can induce unphysical patterns in the resulting LAI and flux estimates and leads to large changes in the climatology of root zone soil moisture. We tested two bias-correction approaches and explored alternative solutions to treating bias in LAI DA.
Luca Carraro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3733–3742, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3733-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3733-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mathematical models are key to the study of environmental processes in rivers. Such models often require information on river morphology from geographic information system (GIS) software, which hinders the use of replicable workflows. Here I present rivnet, an R package for simple, robust, GIS-free extraction and analysis of river networks. The package is designed so as to require minimal user input and is oriented towards ecohydrological, ecological and biogeochemical modeling.
Stephen K. Adams, Brian P. Bledsoe, and Eric D. Stein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3021–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Managing streams for environmental flows involves prioritizing healthy stream ecosystems while distributing water resources. Classifying streams of similar types is a useful step in developing environmental flows. Environmental flows are often developed on data-poor streams that must be modeled. This paper has developed a new method of classification that prioritizes model accuracy. The new method advances environmental streamflow management and modeling of data-poor watersheds.
Nicholas K. Corak, Jason A. Otkin, Trent W. Ford, and Lauren E. L. Lowman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-146, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
We use a land surface hydrology model with a predictive growth state model to analyze changes in how vegetation and the atmosphere interact during extreme drought events known as flash droughts. We find that plants nearly halt water and carbon exchanges and limit their growth during flash drought. This work has implications for how to account for changes in vegetation state during extreme drought events when making predictions under future climate scenarios.
Xinlei He, Yanping Li, Shaomin Liu, Tongren Xu, Fei Chen, Zhenhua Li, Zhe Zhang, Rui Liu, Lisheng Song, Ziwei Xu, Zhixing Peng, and Chen Zheng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1583–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1583-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1583-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the role of integrating vegetation and multi-source soil moisture observations in regional climate models via a hybrid data assimilation and machine learning method. In particular, we show that this approach can improve land surface fluxes, near-surface atmospheric conditions, and land–atmosphere interactions by implementing detailed land characterization information in basins with complex underlying surfaces.
Marissa Kivi, Noemi Vergopolan, and Hamze Dokoohaki
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1173–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts to provide a framework for direct integration of soil moisture observations collected from soil sensors and satellite imagery into process-based crop models for improving the representation of agricultural systems. The performance of this framework was evaluated across 19 sites times years for crop yield, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil moisture, tile flow drainage, and nitrate leaching.
Yunfan Zhang, Lei Cheng, Lu Zhang, Shujing Qin, Liu Liu, Pan Liu, and Yanghe Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6379–6397, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Multiyear drought has been demonstrated to cause non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationship. But whether changes can invalidate the most fundamental method (i.e., paired-catchment method (PCM)) for separating vegetation change impacts is still unknown. Using paired-catchment data with 10-year drought, PCM is shown to still be reliable even in catchments with non-stationarity. A new framework is further proposed to separate impacts of two non-stationary drivers, using paired-catchment data.
Don A. White, Shiqi Ren, Daniel S. Mendham, Francisco Balocchi-Contreras, Richard P. Silberstein, Dean Meason, Andrés Iroumé, and Pablo Ramirez de Arellano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5357–5371, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Of all the planting options for wood production and carbon storage, Eucalyptus species provoke the greatest concern about their effect on water resources. We compared Eucalyptus and Pinus species (the two most widely planted genera) by fitting a simple model to the published estimates of their annual water use. There was no significant difference between the two genera. This has important implications for the global debate around Eucalyptus and is an option for carbon forests.
Zhihui Wang, Qiuhong Tang, Daoxi Wang, Peiqing Xiao, Runliang Xia, Pengcheng Sun, and Feng Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5291–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Variable infiltration capacity simulation considering dynamic vegetation types and structural parameters is able to better capture the effect of temporally explicit vegetation change and climate variation in hydrological regimes. Vegetation greening including interannual LAI and intra-annual LAI temporal pattern change induced by large-scale ecological restoration and non-vegetation underlying surface change played dominant roles in the natural streamflow reduction of the Yellow River basin.
Pan Chen, Wenhong Li, and Keqi He
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4875–4892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study assessed changes in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads in response to eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events over the Corn Belt, USA, using the SWAT model. Results showed that EP (CP) El Niño events improved (exacerbated) water quality in the region. Furthermore, EP El Niño had a much broader and longer impact on water quality at the outlets, but CP El Niño could lead to similar increases in TN/TP loads as EP El Niño at the specific watersheds.
Ralf Loritz, Maoya Bassiouni, Anke Hildebrandt, Sibylle K. Hassler, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4757–4771, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combine a deep-learning approach that predicts sap flow with a hydrological model to improve soil moisture and transpiration estimates at the catchment scale. Our results highlight that hybrid-model approaches, combining machine learning with physically based models, are a promising way to improve our ability to make hydrological predictions.
Nicholas Jarvis, Jannis Groh, Elisabet Lewan, Katharina H. E. Meurer, Walter Durka, Cornelia Baessler, Thomas Pütz, Elvin Rufullayev, and Harry Vereecken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2277–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We apply an eco-hydrological model to data on soil water balance and grassland growth obtained at two sites with contrasting climates. Our results show that the grassland in the drier climate had adapted by developing deeper roots, which maintained water supply to the plants in the face of severe drought. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering such plastic responses of plant traits to environmental stress in the modelling of soil water balance and plant growth under climate change.
Remko C. Nijzink, Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, and Stanislaus J. Schymanski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 525–550, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most models that simulate water and carbon exchanges with the atmosphere rely on information about vegetation, but optimality models predict vegetation properties based on general principles. Here, we use the Vegetation Optimality Model (VOM) to predict vegetation behaviour at five savanna sites. The VOM overpredicted vegetation cover and carbon uptake during the wet seasons but also performed similarly to conventional models, showing that vegetation optimality is a promising approach.
Hongyu Li, Yi Luo, Lin Sun, Xiangdong Li, Changkun Ma, Xiaolei Wang, Ting Jiang, and Haoyang Zhu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-17-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-17-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drying soil layers (DSLs) have been extensively reported in artificial forestland in the Loess Plateau, China, which has limited water resources and deep loess. To address this issue relating to plant root–soil water interactions, this study developed a root growth model that simulates both the dynamic rooting depth and fine-root distribution. Evaluation vs. field data proved a positive performance. Long-term simulation reproduced the evolution process of the DSLs and revealed their mechanisms.
Jiancong Chen, Baptiste Dafflon, Anh Phuong Tran, Nicola Falco, and Susan S. Hubbard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6041–6066, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The novel hybrid predictive modeling (HPM) approach uses a long short-term memory recurrent neural network to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) with only meteorological and remote-sensing inputs. We developed four use cases to demonstrate the applicability of HPM. The results indicate HPM is capable of providing ET and Reco estimations in challenging mountainous systems and enhances our understanding of watershed dynamics at sparsely monitored watersheds.
Jiehao Zhang, Yulong Zhang, Ge Sun, Conghe Song, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Jiangfeng Li, Ning Liu, Kerong Zhang, Quanfa Zhang, and Lu Hao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5623–5640, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5623-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To quantify how vegetation greening impacts the capacity of water supply, we built a hybrid model and conducted a case study using the upper Han River basin (UHRB) that serves as the water source area to the world’s largest water diversion project. Vegetation greening in the UHRB during 2001–2018 induced annual water yield (WY) greatly decreased. Vegetation greening also increased the possibility of drought and reduced a quarter of WY on average during drought periods.
Aaron J. Neill, Christian Birkel, Marco P. Maneta, Doerthe Tetzlaff, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4861–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural changes (cover and height of vegetation plus tree canopy characteristics) to forests during regeneration on degraded land affect how water is partitioned between streamflow, groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. Partitioning most strongly deviates from baseline conditions during earlier stages of regeneration with dense forest, while recovery may be possible as the forest matures and opens out. This has consequences for informing sustainable landscape restoration strategies.
Jianning Ren, Jennifer C. Adam, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Erin J. Hanan, Christina L. Tague, Mingliang Liu, Crystal A. Kolden, and John T. Abatzoglou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4681–4699, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain pine beetle outbreaks have caused widespread tree mortality. While some research shows that water yield increases after trees are killed, many others document no change or a decrease. The climatic and environmental mechanisms driving hydrologic response to tree mortality are not well understood. We demonstrated that the direction of hydrologic response is a function of multiple factors, so previous studies do not necessarily conflict with each other; they represent different conditions.
Haidong Zhao, Gretchen F. Sassenrath, Mary Beth Kirkham, Nenghan Wan, and Xiaomao Lin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4357–4372, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study was done to develop an improved soil temperature model for the USA Great Plains by using common weather station variables as inputs. After incorporating knowledge of estimated soil moisture and observed daily snow depth, the improved model showed a near 50 % gain in performance compared to the original model. We conclude that our improved model can better estimate soil temperature at the surface soil layer where most hydrological and biological processes occur.
Brandon P. Sloan, Sally E. Thompson, and Xue Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4259–4274, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plants affect the global water and carbon cycles by modifying their water use and carbon intake in response to soil moisture. Global climate models represent this response with either simple empirical models or complex physical models. We reveal that the latter improves predictions in plants with large flow resistance; however, adding dependence on atmospheric moisture demand to the former matches performance of the latter, leading to a new tool for improving carbon and water cycle predictions.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Michael Bliss Singer, Mark O. Cuthbert, Dar Roberts, Kelly K. Caylor, Romy Sabathier, and John Stella
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3713–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Intensified drying of soil and grassland vegetation is raising the impact of fire severity and extent in Southern California. While browned grassland is a common sight during the dry season, this study has shown that there is a pronounced shift in the timing of senescence, due to changing climate conditions favoring milder winter temperatures and increased precipitation variability. Vegetation may be limited in its ability to adapt to these shifts, as drought periods become more frequent.
Mikael Gillefalk, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Aaron Smith, Fred Meier, Marco P. Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3635–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions for three urban vegetation types: trees, shrub and grass. The model results showed that evapotranspiration increased in the order shrub < grass < trees during one growing season. Additionally, we could show how
infiltration hotspotscreated by runoff from sealed onto vegetated surfaces can enhance both evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Yuting Yang, Tim R. McVicar, Dawen Yang, Yongqiang Zhang, Shilong Piao, Shushi Peng, and Hylke E. Beck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3411–3427, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed an analytical ecohydrological model that considers three aspects of vegetation response to eCO2 (i.e., stomatal response, LAI response, and rooting depth response) to detect the impact of eCO2 on continental runoff over the past 3 decades globally. Our findings suggest a minor role of eCO2 on the global runoff changes, yet highlight the negative runoff–eCO2 response in semiarid and arid regions which may further threaten the limited water resource there.
Yanlan Liu, Nataniel M. Holtzman, and Alexandra G. Konings
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2399–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of water through plants varies with species-specific traits. To determine how they vary across the world, we mapped the traits that best allowed a model to match microwave satellite data. We also defined average values across a few clusters of trait behavior. These form a tractable solution for use in large-scale models. Transpiration estimates using these clusters were more accurate than if using plant functional types. We expect our maps to improve transpiration forecasts.
Aaron Smith, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Lukas Kleine, Marco Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2239–2259, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model on a mixed land use catchment in northeastern Germany to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions at four model grid resolutions. The model's ability to reproduce spatio-temporal flux–storage–age interactions decreases with increasing model grid sizes. Similarly, larger model grids showed vegetation-influenced changes in blue and green water partitioning. Simulations reveal the value of measured soil and stream isotopes for model calibration.
Yiping Hou, Mingfang Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Shirong Liu, Qiang Li, Tijiu Cai, Wenfei Liu, Runqi Zhao, and Xiangzhuo Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1447–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ecohydrological sensitivity, defined as the response intensity of streamflow to vegetation change, indicates the hydrological sensitivity to vegetation change. The study revealed seasonal ecohydrological sensitivities were highly variable, depending on climate condition and watershed attributes. Dry season ecohydrological sensitivity was mostly determined by topography, soil and vegetation, while wet season ecohydrological sensitivity was mainly controlled by soil, landscape and vegetation.
Xiangyu Luan and Giulia Vico
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1411–1423, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Crop yield is reduced by heat and water stress, particularly when they co-occur. We quantify the joint effects of (unpredictable) air temperature and soil water availability on crop heat stress via a mechanistic model. Larger but more infrequent precipitation increased crop canopy temperatures. Keeping crops well watered via irrigation could reduce canopy temperature but not enough to always exclude heat damage. Thus, irrigation is only a partial solution to adapt to warmer and drier climates.
Songyan Yu, Hong Xuan Do, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Nick R. Bond, Peirong Lin, and Mark J. Kennard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5279–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5279-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5279-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There is a growing interest globally in the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of intermittently flowing streams and rivers. We developed an approach to quantify catchment-wide flow intermittency over long time frames. Modelled patterns of flow intermittency in eastern Australia revealed highly dynamic behaviour in space and time. The developed approach is transferable to other parts of the world and can inform hydro-ecological understanding and management of intermittent streams.
Natasha MacBean, Russell L. Scott, Joel A. Biederman, Catherine Ottlé, Nicolas Vuichard, Agnès Ducharne, Thomas Kolb, Sabina Dore, Marcy Litvak, and David J. P. Moore
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5203–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5203-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5203-2020, 2020
Yusen Yuan, Taisheng Du, Honglang Wang, and Lixin Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4491–4501, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The isotopic composition of ambient water vapor is an important source of atmospheric water vapor and has not been able to be estimated to date using the Keeling plot approach. Here we proposed two new methods to estimate the isotopic composition of ambient water vapor: one using the intersection point method and another relying on the intermediate value theorem.
Valentin Couvreur, Youri Rothfuss, Félicien Meunier, Thierry Bariac, Philippe Biron, Jean-Louis Durand, Patricia Richard, and Mathieu Javaux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3057–3075, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Isotopic labeling of soil water is a broadly used tool for tracing the origin of water extracted by plants and computing root water uptake (RWU) profiles with multisource mixing models. In this study, we show how a method such as this may misconstrue time series of xylem water isotopic composition as the temporal dynamics of RWU by simulating data collected during a tall fescue rhizotron experiment with an isotope-enabled physical soil–root model accounting for variability in root traits.
Thibault Hallouin, Michael Bruen, and Fiachra E. O'Loughlin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1031–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1031-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1031-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A hydrological model was used to compare different parameterisation strategies in view of predicting ecologically relevant streamflow indices in 33 Irish catchments. Compared for 14 different periods, a strategy fitting simulated and observed streamflow indices yielded better performance than fitting simulated and observed streamflow, but it also yielded a less consistent ensemble of parameter sets, suggesting that these indices may not be hydrologically relevant for model parameterisation.
Robert N. Armstrong, John W. Pomeroy, and Lawrence W. Martz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4891–4907, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Digital and thermal images taken near midday were used to scale daily point observations of key factors driving actual-evaporation estimates across a complex Canadian Prairie landscape. Point estimates of actual evaporation agreed well with observed values via eddy covariance. Impacts of spatial variations on areal estimates were minor, and no covariance was found between model parameters driving the energy term. The methods can be applied further to improve land surface parameterisations.
Zhongkai Li, Hu Liu, Wenzhi Zhao, Qiyue Yang, Rong Yang, and Jintao Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4685–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4685-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A database of soil moisture measurements from the middle Heihe River basin of China was used to test the potential of a soil moisture database in estimating the soil water balance components (SWBCs). We determined SWBCs using a method that combined the soil water balance method and the inverse Richards equation. This work confirmed that relatively reasonable estimations of the SWBCs in coarse-textured sandy soils can be derived using soil moisture measurements.
Inês Gomes Marques, João Nascimento, Rita M. Cardoso, Filipe Miguéns, Maria Teresa Condesso de Melo, Pedro M. M. Soares, Célia M. Gouveia, and Cathy Kurz Besson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3525–3552, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3525-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3525-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mediterranean cork woodlands are very particular agroforestry systems present in a confined area of the Mediterranean Basin. They are of great importance due to their high socioeconomic value; however, a decrease in water availability has put this system in danger. In this paper we build a model that explains this system's tree-species distribution in southern Portugal from environmental variables. This could help predict their future distribution under changing climatic conditions.
Samuli Launiainen, Mingfu Guan, Aura Salmivaara, and Antti-Jussi Kieloaho
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3457–3480, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3457-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3457-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Boreal forest evapotranspiration and water cycle is modeled at stand and catchment scale using physiological and physical principles, open GIS data and daily weather data. The approach can predict daily evapotranspiration well across Nordic coniferous-dominated stands and successfully reproduces daily streamflow and annual evapotranspiration across boreal headwater catchments in Finland. The model is modular and simple and designed for practical applications over large areas using open data.
Regina T. Hirl, Hans Schnyder, Ulrike Ostler, Rudi Schäufele, Inga Schleip, Sylvia H. Vetter, Karl Auerswald, Juan C. Baca Cabrera, Lisa Wingate, Margaret M. Barbour, and Jérôme Ogée
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2581–2600, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the system-scale understanding of the propagation of the oxygen isotope signal (δ18O) of rain through soil and xylem to leaf water in a temperate drought-prone grassland. Biweekly δ18O observations of the water pools made during seven growing seasons were accurately reproduced by the 18O-enabled process-based model MuSICA. While water uptake occurred from shallow soil depths throughout dry and wet periods, leaf water 18O enrichment responded to both soil and atmospheric moisture.
Christoph Schürz, Brigitta Hollosi, Christoph Matulla, Alexander Pressl, Thomas Ertl, Karsten Schulz, and Bano Mehdi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1211–1244, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1211-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For two Austrian catchments we simulated discharge and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) considering future changes of climate, land use, and point source emissions together with the impact of different setups and parametrizations of the implemented eco-hydrological model. In a comprehensive analysis we identified the dominant sources of uncertainty for the simulation of discharge and NO3-N and further examined how specific properties of the model inputs control the future simulation results.
Zun Yin, Catherine Ottlé, Philippe Ciais, Matthieu Guimberteau, Xuhui Wang, Dan Zhu, Fabienne Maignan, Shushi Peng, Shilong Piao, Jan Polcher, Feng Zhou, Hyungjun Kim, and other China-Trend-Stream project members
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5463–5484, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5463-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5463-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations in China were performed in ORCHIDEE driven by different forcing datasets: GSWP3, PGF, CRU-NCEP, and WFDEI. Simulated soil moisture was compared to several datasets to evaluate the ability of ORCHIDEE in reproducing soil moisture dynamics. Results showed that ORCHIDEE soil moisture coincided well with other datasets in wet areas and in non-irrigated areas. It suggested that the ORCHIDEE-MICT was suitable for further hydrological studies in China.
Matthias J. R. Speich, Heike Lischke, and Massimiliano Zappa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4097–4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4097-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4097-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To simulate the water balance of, e.g., a forest plot, it is important to estimate the maximum volume of water available to plants. This depends on soil properties and the average depth of roots. Rooting depth has proven challenging to estimate. Here, we applied a model assuming that plants dimension their roots to optimize their carbon budget. We compared its results with values obtained by calibrating a dynamic water balance model. In most cases, there is good agreement between both methods.
Gordon C. O'Brien, Chris Dickens, Eleanor Hines, Victor Wepener, Retha Stassen, Leo Quayle, Kelly Fouchy, James MacKenzie, P. Mark Graham, and Wayne G. Landis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 957–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-957-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-957-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In global water resource allocation, robust tools are required to establish environmental flows. In addition, tools should characterize past, present and future consequences of altered flows and non-flow variables to social and ecological management objectives. PROBFLO is a risk assessment method designed to meet best practice principles for regional-scale holistic E-flow assessments. The approach has been developed in Africa and applied across the continent.
Katrina E. Bennett, Theodore J. Bohn, Kurt Solander, Nathan G. McDowell, Chonggang Xu, Enrique Vivoni, and Richard S. Middleton
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 709–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-709-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-709-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We applied the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model to examine scenarios of change under climate and landscape disturbances in the San Juan River basin, a major sub-watershed of the Colorado River basin. Climate change coupled with landscape disturbance leads to reduced streamflow in the San Juan River basin. Disturbances are expected to be widespread in this region. Therefore, accounting for these changes within the context of climate change is imperative for water resource planning.
Fernando Jaramillo, Neil Cory, Berit Arheimer, Hjalmar Laudon, Ype van der Velde, Thomas B. Hasper, Claudia Teutschbein, and Johan Uddling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 567–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-567-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-567-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Which is the dominant effect on evapotranspiration in northern forests, an increase by recent forests expansion or a decrease by the water use response due to increasing CO2 concentrations? We determined the dominant effect during the period 1961–2012 in 65 Swedish basins. We used the Budyko framework to study the hydroclimatic movements in Budyko space. Our findings suggest that forest expansion is the dominant driver of long-term and large-scale evapotranspiration changes.
Jie Zhu, Ge Sun, Wenhong Li, Yu Zhang, Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Steve G. McNulty, John S. King, Mukesh Kumar, and Xuan Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6289–6305, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6289-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6289-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Forested wetlands provide myriad ecosystem services threatened by climate change. This study develops empirical hydrologic models by synthesizing hydrometeorological data across the southeastern US. We used global climate projections to model hydrological changes for five wetlands. We found all wetlands are predicted to become drier by the end of this century. This study suggests that climate change may substantially affect wetland biogeochemical cycles and other functions in the future.
Guiomar Ruiz-Pérez, Julian Koch, Salvatore Manfreda, Kelly Caylor, and Félix Francés
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6235–6251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6235-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6235-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Plants are shaping the landscape and controlling the hydrological cycle, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Remote sensing data appears as an appealing source of information for vegetation monitoring, in particular in areas with a limited amount of available field data. Here, we present an example of how remote sensing data can be exploited in a data-scarce basin. We propose a mathematical methodology that can be used as a springboard for future applications.
Rui Rivaes, Isabel Boavida, José M. Santos, António N. Pinheiro, and Teresa Ferreira
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5763–5780, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5763-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5763-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the influence of considering riparian requirements for the long-term efficiency of environmental flows. After a decade, environmental flows disregarding riparian requirements promoted riparian degradation and consequently the change in the hydraulic characteristics of the river channel and the modification of the available habitat area for fish species. Environmental flows regarding riparian vegetation requirements were able to sustain the fish habitat close to the natural condition.
José María Santiago, Rafael Muñoz-Mas, Joaquín Solana-Gutiérrez, Diego García de Jalón, Carlos Alonso, Francisco Martínez-Capel, Javier Pórtoles, Robert Monjo, and Jaime Ribalaygua
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4073–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4073-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4073-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
High-time-resolution models for streamflow and stream temperature are used in this study to predict future brown trout habitat loss. Flow reductions falling down to 51 % of current values and water temperature increases growing up to 4 ºC are predicted. Streamflow and temperature will act synergistically affecting fish. We found that the thermal response of rivers is influenced by basin geology and, consequently, geology will be also an influent factor in the cold-water fish distribution shift.
Mie Andreasen, Karsten H. Jensen, Darin Desilets, Marek Zreda, Heye R. Bogena, and Majken C. Looms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1875–1894, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1875-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1875-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The cosmic-ray method holds a potential for quantifying canopy interception and biomass. We use measurements and modeling of thermal and epithermal neutron intensity in a forest to examine this potential. Canopy interception is a variable important to forest hydrology, yet difficult to monitor remotely. Forest growth impacts the carbon-cycle and can be used to mitigate climate changes by carbon sequestration in biomass. An efficient method to monitor tree growth is therefore of high relevance.
Jordi Cristóbal, Anupma Prakash, Martha C. Anderson, William P. Kustas, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, and Douglas L. Kane
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1339–1358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1339-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1339-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying trends in surface energy fluxes is crucial for forecasting ecological responses in Arctic regions.
An extensive evaluation using a thermal-based remote sensing model and ground measurements was performed in Alaska's Arctic tundra for 5 years. Results showed an accurate temporal trend of surface energy fluxes in concert with vegetation dynamics. This work builds toward a regional implementation over Arctic ecosystems to assess response of surface energy fluxes to climate change.
Chunwei Liu, Ge Sun, Steven G. McNulty, Asko Noormets, and Yuan Fang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 311–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper aimed at deriving Kc (AET/PET) for multiple vegetation types and understanding its environmental controls by analyzing the accumulated global eddy flux (FLUXNET) data. We established multiple linear equations for different land covers and seasons to model the dynamics of Kc as function of LAI, site latitude, and precipitation. Our study extended the applications of the traditional Kc method for estimating crop water use to estimating AET rates for natural ecosystems.
Cited articles
Aitkenhead, J. A. and McDowell, W. H.: Soil C : N ratio as a predictor of
annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
14, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900083, 2000.
Atkins, M. L., Santos, I. R., and Maher, D. T.: Seasonal exports and drivers
of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon, carbon dioxide, methane and
delta13C signatures in a subtropical river network, Sci. Total Environ., 575,
545–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.020, 2017.
Battin, T. J., Kaplan, L. A., Newbold, J. D., and Hendricks, S. P.: A mixing
model analysis of stream solute dynamics and the contribution of a hyporheic
zone to ecosystem function, Freshwater Biol., 48, 995–1014,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01062.x, 2003.
Battin, T. J., Kaplan, L. A., Findlay, S., Hopkinson, C. S., Marti, E.,
Packman, A. I., Newbold, J. D., and Sabater, F.: Biophysical controls on
organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks, Nat. Geosci., 1, 95–100,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo101, 2008.
Battin, T. J., Luyssaert, S., Kaplan, L. A., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Richter, A.,
and Tranvik, L. J.: The boundless carbon cycle, Nat. Geosci., 2, 598–600,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo618, 2009.
Birkel, C., Soulsby, C., and Tetzlaff, D.: Integrating parsimonious models of
hydrological connectivity and soil biogeochemistry to simulate stream DOC
dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 1030–1047,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002551, 2014.
Calmels, D., Galy, A., Hovius, N., Bickle, M., West, A. J., Chen, M. C., and
Chapman, H.: Contribution of deep groundwater to the weathering budget in a
rapidly eroding mountain belt, Taiwan, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 303, 48–58,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.032, 2011.
Cohn, T. A.: Adjusted maximum likelihood estimation of the moments of
lognormal populations from type 1 censored samples, US Geological Survey,
Report 88-350, 1988.
Cohn, T. A., Gilroy, E. J., and Baier, W. G.: Estimating fluvial transport of
trace constituents using a regression model with data subject to censoring,
Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meeting, Boston, 142–151, 1992.
Cole, J. J., Prairie, Y. T., Caraco, N. F., McDowell, W. H., Tranvik, L. J.,
Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J. A., Middelburg,
J. J., and Melack, J.: Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland
waters into the terrestrial carbon budget, Ecosystems, 10, 171–184, 2007.
Dai, M., Yin, Z., Meng, F., Liu, Q., and Cai, W.-J.: Spatial distribution of
riverine DOC inputs to the ocean: an updated global synthesis, Curr. Opin.
Environ. Sustain., 4, 170–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.03.003, 2012.
Degens, E. T. and Ittekkot, V.: Particulate organic carbon an overview,
Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers, lakes and estuaries,
Mitt. Geol.-Palaont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 7–27, 1985.
Dessert, C., Dupré, B., Gaillardet, J., François, L. M., and
Allègre, C. J.: Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt
weathering on the global carbon cycle, Chem. Geol., 202, 257–273,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2002.10.001, 2003.
Galy, V., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., and Eglinton, T.: Global carbon export from
the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion, Nature, 521, 204–207,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14400, 2015.
Giesler, R., Lyon, S. W., Mörth, C.-M., Karlsson, J., Karlsson, E. M.,
Jantze, E. J., Destouni, G., and Humborg, C.: Catchment-scale dissolved
carbon concentrations and export estimates across six subarctic streams in
northern Sweden, Biogeosciences, 11, 525–537,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-525-2014, 2014.
Guo, D. L., Westra, S., and Maier, H. R.: An R package for modelling actual,
potential and reference evapotranspiration, Environ. Model. Softw., 78,
216–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.12.019, 2016.
Hale, V. C. and McDonnell, J. J.: Effect of bedrock permeability on stream
base flow mean transit time scaling relations: 1. A multiscale catchment
intercomparison, Water Resour. Res., 52, 1358–1374,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016124, 2016.
Heimann, M. and Reichstein, M.: Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and
climate feedbacks, Nature, 451, 289–292, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06591, 2008.
Hilton, R. G.: Climate regulates the erosional carbon export from the
terrestrial biosphere, Geomorphology, 277, 118–132,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.03.028, 2017.
Huang, T.-H., Fu, Y.-H., Pan, P.-Y., and Chen, C.-T. A.: Fluvial carbon
fluxes in tropical rivers, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 4, 162–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.02.004, 2012.
Huang, H., Chen, D. J., Zhang, B. F., Zeng, L. Z., and Dahlgren, R. A.:
Modeling and forecasting riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen export using
anthropogenic nitrogen inputs, hydroclimate, and land-use change, J. Hydrol.,
517, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.024, 2014.
Huang, J.-C., Milliman, J. D., Lee, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-C., Lee, J.-F., Liu,
C.-C., Lin, J.-C., and Kao, S.-J.: Terrain attributes of earthquake- and
rainstorm-induced landslides in orogenic mountain Belt, Taiwan, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 42, 1549–1559, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4112, 2017.
Huntington, T. G., Balch, W. M., Aiken, G. R., Sheffield, J., Luo, L.,
Roesler, C. S., and Camill, P.: Climate change and dissolved organic carbon
export to the Gulf of Maine, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 2700–2716,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003314, 2016.
Jin, J., Zimmerman, A. R., Moore, P. J., and Martin, J. B.: Organic and
inorganic carbon dynamics in a karst aquifer: Santa Fe River Sink-Rise
system, north Florida, USA, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 340–357,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002350, 2014.
Kao, S. J., Dai, M., Selvaraj, K., Zhai, W., Cai, P., Chen, S. N., Yang, J.
Y. T., Liu, J. T., Liu, C. C., and Syvitski, J. P. M.: Cyclone-driven deep
sea injection of freshwater and heat by hyperpycnal flow in the subtropics,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044893, 2010.
Larsen, I. J. and Montgomery, D. R.: Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics
and river incision, Nat. Geosci., 5, 468–473, 2012.
Larsen, I. J., Almond, P. C., Eger, A., Stone, J. O., Montgomery, D. R., and
Malcolm, B.: Rapid Soil Production and Weathering in the Western Alps, New
Zealand, Science, 343, 637–640, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244908, 2014.
Lee, T.-Y., Huang, J.-C., Lee, J.-Y., Jien, S.-H., Zehetner, F., and Kao,
S.-J.: Magnified Sediment Export of Small Mountainous Rivers in Taiwan: Chain
Reactions from Increased Rainfall Intensity under Global Warming, PloS one,
10, e0138283, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138283, 2015.
Lin, K. C., Hamburg, S. P., Wang, L. X., Duh, C. T., Huang, C. M., Chang, C.
T., and Lin, T. C.: Impacts of increasing typhoons on the structure and
function of a subtropical forest: reflections of a changing climate, Sci.
Rep., 7, 4911, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05288-y, 2017.
Linacre, E. T.: A simple formula for estimating evaporation rates in various
climates, using temperature data alone, Agricult. Meteorol., 18, 409–424,
1977.
Liu, S. C., Fu, C. B., Shiu, C. J., Chen, J. P., and Wu, F. T.: Temperature
dependence of global precipitation extremes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17702,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040218, 2009.
Lloret, E., Dessert, C., Gaillardet, J., Albéric, P., Crispi, O.,
Chaduteau, C., and Benedetti, M. F.: Comparison of dissolved inorganic and
organic carbon yields and fluxes in the watersheds of tropical volcanic
islands, examples from Guadeloupe (French West Indies), Chem. Geol., 280,
65–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.10.016, 2011.
Lloret, E., Dessert, C., Pastor, L., Lajeunesse, E., Crispi, O., Gaillardet,
J., and Benedetti, M. F.: Dynamic of particulate and dissolved organic carbon
in small volcanic mountainous tropical watersheds, Chem. Geol., 351,
229–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.023, 2013.
Ludwig, W., AmiotteSuchet, P., and Probst, J. L.: River discharges of carbon
to the world's oceans: Determining local inputs of alkalinity and of
dissolved and particulate organic carbon, Cr. Acad. Sci. Ii. A., 323,
1007–1014, 1996a.
Ludwig, W., Probst, J.-L., and Kempe, S.: Predicting the oceanic input of
organic carbon by continental erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 23–41,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95gb02925, 1996b.
Ludwig, W., Suchet, P., Munhoven, G., and Probst, J.-L.: Atmospheric
CO2 consumption by continental erosion: Present-day controls and
implications for the last glacial maximum, Glob. Planet. Change, 16,
107–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00016-2, 1998.
Lyons, W. B., Nezat, C. A., Carey, A. E., and Hicks, D. M.: Organic carbon
fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands, Geology, 30, 443–446,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0443:Ocftto>2.0.Co;2, 2002.
Lyons, W. B., Carey, A. E., Hicks, D. M., and Nezat, C. A.: Chemical
weathering in high-sediment-yielding watersheds, New Zealand, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 110, F01008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000088, 2005.
Maberly, S. C. and Madsen, T. V.: Freshwater angiosperm carbon concentrating
mechanisms: processes and patterns, Funct. Plant Biol., 29, 393–405, 2002.
Maberly, S. C., Berthelot, S. A., Stott, A. W., and Gontero, B.: Adaptation
by macrophytes to inorganic carbon down a river with naturally variable
concentrations of CO2, J. Plant Physiol., 172, 120–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.025, 2015.
Maher, K. and Chamberlain, C. P.: Hydrologic Regulation of Chemical
Weathering and the Geologic Carbon Cycle, Science, 343, 1502–1504, 2014.
Mei, Y., Hornberger, G. M., Kaplan, L. A., Newbold, J. D., and Aufdenkampe,
A. K.: The delivery of dissolved organic carbon from a forested hillslope to
a headwater stream in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA, Water Resour. Res., 50,
5774–5796, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015635, 2014.
Meybeck, M. and Vörösmarty, C.: Global transfer of carbon by rivers,
Global Change Newsletter, 37, 18–19, 1999.
Misra, K. C.: Introduction to Geochemistry: Principles and Applications,
Wiley, 2012.
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual
models part I – A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6, 1970.
Parajka, J., Viglione, A., Rogger, M., Salinas, J. L., Sivapalan, M., and
Blöschl, G.: Comparative assessment of predictions in ungauged basins –
Part 1: Runoff-hydrograph studies, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1783–1795,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1783-2013, 2013.
Runkel, R. L., Crawford, C. G., and Cohn, T. A.: Load estimator (LOADEST): a
FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers,
Techniques and Methods, US Geological Survey, 2004.
Scharlemann, J. P. W., Tanner, E. V. J., Hiederer, R., and Kapos, V.: Global
soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool,
Carbon Manag., 5, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.77, 2014.
Schomakers, J., Jien, S.-H., Lee, T.-Y., Huang, J.-C., Hseu, Z.-Y., Lin, Z.
L., Lee, L.-C., Hein, T., Mentler, A., and Zehetner, F.: Soil and biomass
carbon re-accumulation after landslide disturbances, Geomorphology, 288,
164–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.03.032, 2017.
Schomakers, J., Mayer, H., Lee, J. Y., Lee, T. Y., Jien, S. H., Mentler, A.,
Hein, T., Huang, J. C., Hseu, Z. Y., Cheng, L. W., Yu, C. K., and Zehetner,
F.: Soil aggregate breakdown and carbon release along a chronosequence of
recovering landslide scars in a subtropical watershed, CATENA, 165, 530–536,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.03.004, 2018.
Seibert, J. and Vis, M. J. P.: Teaching hydrological modeling with a
user-friendly catchment-runoff-model software package, Hydrol. Earth Syst.
Sci., 16, 3315–3325, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3315-2012, 2012.
Stutter, M. I., Richards, S., and Dawson, J. J.: Biodegradability of natural
dissolved organic matter collected from a UK moorland stream, Water Res., 47,
1169–1180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.035, 2013.
Walvoord, M. A. and Striegl, R. G.: Increased groundwater to stream discharge
from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on
lateral export of carbon and nitrogen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030216, 2007.
West, A. J.: Thickness of the chemical weathering zone and implications for
erosional and climatic drivers of weathering and for carbon-cycle feedbacks,
Geology, 40, 811–814, 2012.
Winterdahl, M., Futter, M., Köhler, S., Laudon, H., Seibert, J., and
Bishop, K.: Riparian soil temperature modification of the relationship
between flow and dissolved organic carbon concentration in a boreal stream,
Water Resour. Res., 47, W08532, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr010235, 2011.
Wymore, A. S., Brereton, R. L., Ibarra, D. E., Maher, K., and McDowell, W.
H.: Critical zone structure controls concentration-discharge relationships
and solute generation in forested tropical montane watersheds, Water Resour.
Res., 53, 6279–6295, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020016, 2017.
Yeh, T. C., Liao, C. S., Chen, T. C., Shih, Y. T., Huang, J. C., Zehetner,
F., and Hein, T.: Differences in N loading affect DOM dynamics during typhoon
events in a forested mountainous catchment, Sci. Total Environ., 633, 81–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.177, 2018.
Zhong, J., Li, S. L., Tao, F. X., Yue, F. J., and Liu, C. Q.: Sensitivity of
chemical weathering and dissolved carbon dynamics to hydrological conditions
in a typical karst river, Sci. Rep., 7, 42944, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42944, 2017.
Short summary
DOC and DIC export in Taiwan shows that the annual DOC and DIC fluxes were 2.7–4.8 and 48.4–54.3 ton C km2 yr1, respectively, which were approximately 2 and 20 times higher than the global means of 1.4 and 2.6 ton C km2 yr1, respectively.
DOC and DIC export in Taiwan shows that the annual DOC and DIC fluxes were 2.7–4.8 and...
