Articles | Volume 24, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-761-2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-761-2020
Education and communication
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19 Feb 2020
Education and communication | Highlight paper |  | 19 Feb 2020

The millennium-old hydrogeology textbook The Extraction of Hidden Waters by the Persian mathematician and engineer Abubakr Mohammad Karaji (953 CE–1029 CE)

Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani and Craig T. Simmons

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Subject: Groundwater hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
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Cited articles

Abattouy, M. and Muhammad Al-Karaji, A.: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century, Muslim Heritage, available at: http://www.3mpati.com/muslimheritage/muhammad-al-karaji/, last access: 10 June 2019. 
Abrarova, M. A.: The geometrical section of al-Karaji's treatise `Comprehensive book of arithmetic' (Russian), in: Mathematics and astronomy in the works of Ibn Sina, his contemporaries and successors (Tashkent, 1981), Tashkent, 118–125, 1981. 
Darcy, H.: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon [The Public Fountains of the City of Dijon], Dalmont, Paris, 1856. 
Davis, S. N.: Discussion of “Exploring for hidden water” by Mohammad Karaji – The oldest textbook on hydrology?”, Groundwater, 11, 45, 1973. 
Duffy, C. J.: The terrestrial hydrologic cycle: an historical sense of balance, WIREs Water, 4, e1216, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1216, 2017. 
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Short summary
We revisit and shed light on the textbook The Extraction of Hidden Waters by the Persian mathematician and engineer Abubakr Mohammad Karaji. Ground-breaking ideas and descriptions of hydrological and hydrogeological perceptions such as components of the hydrological cycle, groundwater quality and driving factors for groundwater flow were presented in the book. We speculate that Karaji's book is the first of its kind to provide a construction and maintenance manual for an engineering project.